Linear Circuit Analysis

Chapter # 1: Basic Concepts

Instructor: M. Rizwan Azam

DUA

Introduction
Electrical circuit and Electromagnetic
theory are two fundamental theories for all
branches of electrical engineering
In electrical engineering, we are often
interested in communicating or transferring
energy from one point to another
To do this we require an interconnection of
electrical devices
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Examples of Electric Circuits

(1)
An Electric Circuit is a connection of electrical elements

Examples of Electric Circuits

(2)

Test text
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Basic Concepts - Chapter 1

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

Systems of Units.
Electric Charge.
Current.
Voltage.
Power and Energy.
Circuit Elements.

1.1 System of Units (1)

As electrical engineers, we deal with measurable quantities

Six basic units

Quantity
Length
Mass
Time
Electric current
Thermodynamic
temperature

Basic unit
meter
kilogram
second
ampere
kelvin

Symbol
m
Kg
s
A
K

Luminous intensity

candela

cd
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1.1 System of Units (2)

The derived units commonly used in electric circuit theory

Unit of Conductance: Siemens or mho

Decimal multiples and

submultiples of SI units
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1.2 Electric Charges

Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles
of which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C).
The charge e on one electron is negative and equal in
magnitude to 1.602 10-19 C which is called as
electronic charge.
The charges that occur in nature are integral multiples
of the electronic charge.

1.3 Current (1)

Electric current i = dq/dt. The unit of ampere can
be derived as 1 A = 1C/s.

A direct current (dc) is a current that remains

constant with time.
An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies
with time. (alternate or reverse direction).

Electron Charge 1.602 1019 C

1 A Current 1C / s
1/ (1.602 1019 )electrons/s
6.244 1018

electrons/s

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1.3 Current (2)

The direction of current flow

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1.3 Current (3)

Example 1

A conductor has a constant current of 5

A.
How many electrons pass a fixed point
on the conductor in one minute?

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1.3 Current (4)

Solution
Total no. of charges pass in 1 min is given by
5 A = (5 C/s)(60 s/min) = 300 C/min
Total no. of electronics pass in 1 min is given
300 C/min
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1.87

10
electrons/min
19
1.602 x10 C/electron
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Class Activity
(3)

Example 1.2: The total charge entering a terminal is given by

q=5t sin4t mC. Calculate the current at t=0.5 sec.

1.4 Voltage (1)

Voltage (or electromotive force (emf) potential difference) is the
energy required to move a unit charge through an element,
measured in volts (V).

dw
vab
volts
dq

Mathematically,

w is energy in Joules (J) and q is charge in coulomb (C).

Electric voltage, vab, is always across the circuit element or
between two points in a circuit .
vab > 0 means the potential of a is higher than potential of b.
vab < 0 means the potential of a is lower than potential of b.
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Hydraulic Analogy for

Voltage
Hydraulic analogy: voltage is
analogous to height. In a
gravitational field, the higher that
water is, the more potential energy it
has.
The voltage between two points
is analogous to
the change in height between two
points, in a pipe.

Hydraulic Analogy:
Voltage and Current

height ~ voltage
flow rate ~ current

Hydraulic Analogy With Two

Paths
Water is flowing through the
pipes.
There is a height difference
across these pipes.

We can extend this analogy to current

through and voltage across an electric
device

Two Pipes Analogy

This diagram is intended to

show a water pipe that
breaks into two parts and
then combines again. The
size of the blue arrows are
intended to reflect the
amount of water flow at
that point.

Current Through
If we have two
pipes connecting
two points, the
flow rate through
one pipe can be
different from the
flow rate through
the other. The
flow rate depends
on the path.

Like flow rate,

current is path
dependent.

Flow rate in the

smaller pipe
is less than it is
in the
larger pipe.

Voltage Across
No matter which
path you follow,
the height is the
same across
those two points.
The height does
not depend on
the path

Polarities
It is extremely important that we know
the polarity, or the sign, of the
voltages and currents we use. Which
way is the current flowing? Where is
the potential higher? To keep track of
these things, two concepts are used:
1. Reference polarities, and
2. Actual polarities.

1.5 Power and Energy (1)

Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,

measured in watts (W).

Mathematical expression:

dw dw dq
p

vi
dt
dq dt

i
+

Passive sign convention

p = +vi
absorbing power

p = vi
supplying power

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1.5 Power and Energy (2)

Example: Calculate the power supplied or absorbed in
each case:

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1.5 Power and Energy (3)

The law of conservation of energy

p0
Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).
Mathematical expression
t

t0

t0

w pdt vidt
The electric power utility companies measure energy in wattshour(Wh), where:
1Wh=3,600 joules

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Class Activity

Example 1.5 : Find the power delivered to an element at t=3

ms if the current entering its positive terminal is

i 5cos 60 t A & volatge is

(a) v 3i
(b) v 3 di
dt

Class Activity

Example 1.5 : Solution

1.6 Circuit Elements (1)

An Active Element is capable of generating energy while a

Passive Element is not; Generators and batteries are examples
of active elements while resistors, capacitors and inductors are
passive element.

An ideal Independent Voltage Source is an active element that

provides a specified voltage or current that completely
independent of other circuit elements.

An ideal Dependent ( or Controlled) source is an active element

in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or
current.

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Circuit Elements (1.1)

An electrical source is a device that is capable of converting

nonelectric energy to electric energy and vice versa.

A discharging battery converts chemical energy to electric

energy, whereas a battery being charged converts electric
energy to chemical energy.

A dynamo is a machine that converts mechanical energy to

electric energy and vice versa. If operating in the mechanicalto-electric mode, it is called a generator. If transforming from
electric to mechanical energy, it is referred to as a motor..

An ideal voltage source is a circuit element that maintains a

pre-scribed voltage across its terminals regardless of the
current flowing in those terminals.

an ideal current source is a circuit element that maintains a

prescribed current through its terminals regardless of the
voltage across those terminals.

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1.6 Circuit Elements (2)

Both symbols (a) and (b) can be used to

represent an independent dc voltage source
while (a) is used only for time varying
independent voltage source.

Typical Independent Constant Current Source

is shown in the figure below.

Symbol for
Independent voltage
source

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1.6 Circuit Elements (3)

Dependent sources are useful in modeling elements such as

transistors, operational amplifiers and integrated circuits

Example of current controlled Voltage source is shown in the

right hand side of the figure.

The Voltage source depends on the current i through the

element C.

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1.6 Circuit Elements (4)

Active Elements

Passive Elements

A dependent source is an active element in

which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.

Independent
sources

Dependant
sources

They have four different types: Voltage

Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS), CCVS,
VCCS, CCCS. Keep in minds the signs of
dependent sources.
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Dependent sources
1. A voltage-controlled voltage source
(VCVS).
2. A current-controlled voltage source
(CCVS).
3. A voltage-controlled current source
(VCCS).
4. A current-controlled current source
(CCCS).
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1.6 Circuit Elements (5)

Example
Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown in the figure for i2 = 1A.

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1.6 Circuit Elements (6)

Solution

Voltage v is the sum of the current-independent 10-V

source and the current-dependent voltage source vx.
Note that the factor 15 multiplying the control current
carries the units .
Therefore, v = 10 + vx = 10 + 15(1) = 25 V

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Testing
Interconnection(independent
Identify valid or invalid interconnection
Sources)

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Testing Interconnection
Identify valid or invalid interconnection

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1.5 Power and Energy (3)

The law of conservation of energy

p0
Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).
Mathematical expression
t

t0

t0

w pdt vidt
The electric power utility companies measure energy in wattshour(Wh), where:
1Wh=3,600 joules

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Class Activity

Example 1.7: Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by

each element

=1

Quiz

Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element

Quiz

Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element

1.7 Applications (1)

1.7.1 Old TVs Picture Tube
The Electron beam in a TV Picture carries 1015 electrons per
second

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Quiz

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1.7 Applications (2)

1.7.2 Electricity Bills

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1.7 Applications: Electricity Bill

Example: A homeowner consumes 400 kWh in January. Determine the
Example

electricity bill for the month using the following residential rate schedule:

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1.8 Problem Solving

1. Carefully Define the problem.
2. Present everything you know about the problem.
3. Establish a set of Alternative solutions and determine the one
that promises the greatest likelihood of success.
4. Attempt a problem solution.
5. Evaluate the solution and check for accuracy.
6. Has the problem been solved Satisfactorily? If so, present the
solution; if not, then return to step 3 and continue through the
process again.

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Assignment # 1

Sub:

From Chapter 1 of the text book ()

1. Review Questions: All (without looking at the
answers).
2. Problems: 1.3,1.16, 1.17, 1.18, 1.19, 1.20,
3. Note: Write down all the questions and submit your
solution in sequence. Use A4 size plain paper is
possible.
Sikendergull@comsats.edu.pk EE(422)
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Find V0 in the circuit (Quiz)

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