Finishing And

Polishing
Agents

FINISH

Material object- transformed to a refined

form from a rough form.
Substrate is the material being finished.

Oral health- resist

accumulation of food
debris and pathogenic
bacteria.
Oral Function is
enchanced- food glides
more freely .
Aesthetics.

cutting

grinding

Polishing

CUTTING OPERATION

Substrate is divided into large separate

particles.
Bladed instrument is used.

Grinding operation

Small particles of substrate are removed.

Use of bonded and coated abrasive.

Polishing operation

Most refined form.

Extremely thin layer of substrate is
removed.
Achieved by using rubber points, rubber
disks, muslin wheels, prophy cups, buffing
wheels.

Hazards

Aerosols contains- tooth structure, dental

materials and micro organisms.
Silicosis / Grinders disease- fibrotic
pulmonary disease.

Abrasive wear

a material wear process that can occur

whenever surfaces slide against each other.
Two types:
- two body wear.
- three body wear.

Two bodied wear

Three bodied wear

Erosive wear
Caused by hard particles impacting a substrate
surface, carried either by stream of air or liquid.

Hard particle
erosion

Chemical
erosion

Abrasive instrument design

Abrasive grits- materials crushed and various

sizes obtained.
-Coarse
- medium coarse
- medium
- fine
- superfine

Bonded abrasive

Bonded abrasive are

abrasives incorporated on a
tool using a binder by the
process of1)Sintering
2)Vitreous bonding (glass or
ceramic matrix)
3) Resinoid bonding (usually
phenolic resin)
4) Rubber bonding

Truing & dressing

Truing the process of running a bonded
abrasive against a harder abrasive block to
process it , so that it does not run out or have
eccentric movements when in contact with the
substrate.

Dressing

To get the correct working

size and shape of the
instrument.
To remove clogged debris.

Abrasive blinding -is

the clogging of the
instrument with
debris.

COATED ABRASIVE

made of abrasive grains adhered to the surface

of flexible or semi-flexible backings such as
paper, cloth, vulcanized fiber, plastic films by
means of an adhesive.

HARDNESS & GRIT

Hardness- is a surface
measurement of the
resistance of one
material to plastic
deformation by another
material.
Measured in Mohs ,
Knoops or Vickers
hardness.

NATURAL ABRASIVES
Diamond
Tripoli
Zirconium silicate
Emery
Quartz
Garnet

Corundum
Arkansas stone
Chalk
Pumice
Sand

SYNTHETIC ABRASIVES
Silicon carbide
synthetic diamonds
aluminum oxide
Rouge
Tin oxide

ARKANSAS STONE
A siliceous sedimentary rock
Semi translucent , light grey in
appearance.
Contains micro-crystalline quartz
It has a dense , hard and has a uniform
texture.
Uses Sharpening of instruments
Fine grinding of enamel and metal
alloys.

CHALK

Chalk - is a soft, white, porous form of

limestone composed of the mineral calcite.
(calcium carbonate)
Used as a mild abrasive paste to polishEnamel
Gold foil
Amalgam
Acrylic

CORUNDUM

Mineral form of aluminum oxide

Color white
Inferior in abrasive abilities compared to
manufactured aluminum oxide.
Available commonly as a bonded abrasive
Used for-grinding metal alloys

DIAMOND

Diamond is the hardest naturally

occurring substance composed of
carbon.
It is known as a super abrasive as it
abrades any other known substrate .
Available as points ,disks, flexible
metal backed abrasive strips and pastes
Used on ceramic and resin-based
composite materials

Diamond abrasives

SYNTHETIC DIAMOND
ABRASIVES

Manufactured diamonds are exclusively use as

abrasives
Available as
pastes(5 micrometer particles)
Burs
Saws
Wheels

EMERY

Emery is a very hard rock type- grayish

black corundum used to coated abrasive
disks.
It consists of:
-Corundum (aluminum oxide) major
constituent
-Iron-bearing spinels hercynite and
magnetite.
used for finishing metal alloys and
plastic materials.

GARNET

These minerals are the silicates of aluminum,

cobalt, Iron, magnesium, and manganese
possessing similar physical properties and
crystalline forms ---usually dark red.
available on coated disks and arbor bands.
used in grinding metal alloys and plastic
materials

PUMICE

Siliceous material.
Flour of pumice is an fine
grained volcanic rock
derivative
used mainly in grit form, but
can be found in some rubberbonded abrasives forms.
used in polishing tooth
enamel, gold foil, dental
amalgam, and acrylic resins.

QUARTZ

Quartz is very hard, colorless, and transparent.

Quartz crystalline particles are pulverized to

form sharp, angular particles that are useful in
making coated abrasive disks.

Quartz abrasives are used mostly to finish metal

alloys and may be used to grind dental enamel

SAND

Sand is a mixture of small mineral particles

predominantly composed of silica.
Sand particles have a rounded to angular
shape.

They are applied under air pressure to remove

refractory investment materials from base
metal alloy castings.
Also coated on paper disks for grinding of
metal alloys and plastic materials.

TRIPOLI

Tripoli is derived from a lightweight, friable

siliceous sedimentary rock.
Gray and red types are most frequently used in
dentistry.
It is ground into very fine particles and is formed
with soft binders into bars of polishing
compound.
Used for polishing metal alloys and some plastic
materials.

ZIRCONIUM SILICATE

Zirconium silicate is supplied as an off-white

mineral.
Used to make coated abrasive disks and strips.
It is frequently used as a component of dental
prophylaxis pastes.

CUTTLE

Cuttle (Cuttlefish, cuttle bone, or cuttle) is a

white calcareous powder made from the
pulverized internal shell of a Mediterranean
marine mollusk of the genus Sepia.
It is available as a coated abrasive.
Used for delicate abrasion operations such as
polishing of metal margins and dental
amalgam restorations.

KIESELGUHR

This material is composed of the siliceous

remains of minute aquatic plants known as
diatoms.
The coarser form is called diatomaceous
earth, used as a filler in many dental materialsan excellent mild abrasive.
The risk of respiratory silicosis is significant.

SILICON CARBIDE

First of the synthetic abrasives to be made.

This results in highly efficient cutting of a

wide variety of materials, including metal
alloys, ceramics, and plastic materials.

Silicon carbide is available as coated disks

and vitreous-bonded and rubber-bonded
instruments.

ALUMINUM OXIDE

It is also commonly referred

to as alumina.
Its crystalline form is called
corundum

It is use as both a two & three body abrasive

and as a hard particle erosive.
It is used to polish metals and is available asalumina dust
sand paper
abrasive pastes
Sintered aluminum oxide is uses in the form of
white stones for adjusting enamel and finishing
metal alloys and ceramic materials.

Chromium compounds are added to the

original melt for producing pink or ruby
coloured variations sold as vitreous bonded
mounting stones.

ROUGE

Rouge is Iron oxide is the fine, red abrasive

component of rouge. It is blended with various
soft binders into a cake form.
It is used to polish high noble metal alloys.

TIN OXIDE

This extremely fine abrasive is used

extensively as a polishing agent for polishing
teeth and metallic restorations in the mouth. It
is mixed with alcohol, or glycerin to form a
mildly abrasive paste

Dentifrices

Dentifrices are made in three forms:

toothpastes, gels, and powders

TOOTHPASTE
INGREDIENTS

Compo%
Abrasive
Detergent
Colorant

Flavoring
Humecant
Water
Binder
Fluoride
Tartar cont
agents

Paste&gels
20-55
1-2
1-2
1-2
20-35
15-25
3
0-1
0-1

powders
90-98
1-6
1-2
1-2
0
0
0
0
0

Desensitiz-tion
agents

0-5

Abrasive

Types :

Silica
Phosphate Salts ie Dical
Carbonates ie Calcium Carbonate or Chalk

BINDER

Types:

Natural Polymers

Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)

Carrageenans
Xanthan Gum

Synthetic Polymers

HUMECTANT

Types:

Glycerine
Sorbitol
Polyethylene Glycol
Xylitol
Propylene Glycol

Flavoring
Types:
oils of spearmint, peppermint
wintergreen , Cinnamon.

SURFACTANT

Types:

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

Sodium N-Lauroyl Sarcosinate
Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate
PEG Oil

Tartar

Polyphosphates
Zinc Citrate

Plaque / Gingivitis

Triclosan
SnF2
Chlorhexidine
Zinc Citrate

Desensitizer

Potassium Nitrate

WhiteningCalcium Peroxide , Hydrogen Peroxide