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Slurry
flow
Filter medium
Filtrate
FILTRATION
PRINCIPLE OF FILTRATION
FILTRATION
As time passes during filtration, either
- the filtrate flow rate diminishes or
- pressure drop rises
Constant-pressure filtration
- pressure drop is held constant
- flow rate allowed to fall with time
Constant -rate filtration (less common)
- pressure drop is progressively increased
Liquid passes through 2 resistance in series:
- cake resistance (zero at start & increases with time)
- filter medium resistance (impt. during early stages of filtration)
during washing, both resistances are constant, and filter medium resistance is
usually negligible
dV pA
dt
cSV
Rm
A
2
p = total pressure drop = pcake + p
filter medium (N/m )
A = filter cross section area (m2)
2
p
dV A p
A p
K pV
t
BV
2
cs
K p
A 2 p
B Rm
A p
Time of filtration:
where
Slope = Kp/2
t/V (s/m3)
Intercept = B
Filtration volume , V (m3)
Determination of constants in a constant-pressure filtration run
BV
2
t Kp
V B
V
2
K pV 2
B =6400 s/m
R
Ap m
Kp = 6.00 x 10 s/m
cs
A 2 p
-4
From Appendix A.2-4:
=
8.937
x
10
Pa.s
2
Substituting
all the known values plus the new area ( 20 x 0.873 = 17.46 m ),
Kp = 37.93 s/m6
B = 16.10 s/m3
K pV 2
37.93(3.37)2
t
BV
16.1(3.37) 269.7s
2
2
dV
dt
Leaf filter:
Plate-&-frame filter:
Time of washing:
K pV f B
dV 1
1
dt f 4 K pV f B
t washingliquid
rateofwashing
where
dV
3
=
rate
of
washing
(m
/s)
dt
Total cycle filter time = filtration time + washing time + cleaning time
Cleaning time - remove the cake, clean the filter, and reassemble the filter
Vf= total volume of filtrate for entire period at the end of filtration (m 3)
Example 3
Example 3
t washingliquid
rateofwashing
Total cycle filter time = filtration time + washing time + cleaning time
V = 3.37 m3 filtrate
Washing liquid = 10% filtrate volume m 3 = 0.337 m3
Time washing = ?
Total filter cycle = ?
Cleaning time = 20 min
Solution:
Kp = 37.93 s/m6
B = 16.10 s/m3
dV
1
1
rate of washing (m3/s)= dt 4 K V B
p f
f
dV
dt
1
1
1.737x103 m 3 /s
f 4 37.93(3.37)16.1
0.337 194s
Time of washing, t washingliquid
rateofwashing 1.737x103
Total cycle filter time = filtration time + washing time + cleaning time
FILTRATION EQUIPMENTS
Cake accumulation and removal in batch mode
Filter funnel
Filter press
Leaf pressure filter
Vacuum leaf filter
Continuous cake accumulation and removal
Horizontal continuous filter
Rotary drum filter
Flowrate of filtrate:
where
2
V
t Kp
2
V W c X
tc
c
S
c X
1mc X
2
f
p
V
Atc tc cs
where
t ftC f
where
n = drum speed
t ftC K p
V2
2
BV
V
Atc
1/ 2
Rm /t c R /t 2c s p f /t c
2
m
2
c
c s
EXAMPLE 4
EXAMPLE 4
A rotary drum filter having a 33 % submergence of the drum in the slurry is to be used
to filter aqueous CaCO3 slurry as given in Example 1 using a pressure drop of 67 kPa.
The solids concentration in the slurry is 0.191 kg solid/kg slurry and the filter cake is
such that the kg wet cake/kg dry cake = m = 2. The density and viscosity of the filtrate
can be assumed as those of water at 298.2 K.
Calculate the filter area needed to filter 0.778 kg slurry/s. The filter cycle time is 250 s.
9
0.3
The specific cake resistance can be represented (4.37x10 )P
P is in Pa and is m/kg
cs dV Rm dV
V
p
KV V C
2
A dt A dt
-p(N/m )
Slope = KV
where
Intercept = C
KV is in N/m5
C is in N/m2
Cake is incompressible:
V t dV
dt
Hence:
c s dV 2 Rm dV
t
p
A dt A dt