TECHNIQUES IN

SELECTING AND
ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

Objectives:
Distinguish between and among techniques in
selecting and organizing information,
Justify the choice of a certain technique to
make a cohesive presentation,
Describe the brainstorming process,
Illustrate the different types of graphic
organizer,
Explain the difference between a topic and a
sentence outline,
Make a cohesive presentation with different
graphic organizers, using data from survey.

Problem: Declining grades of

Senior High students.

BRAINSTORMING

It is a process of generating creative

ideas and solution through intensive
and freewheeling group discussion.

 Ralph Keeney, an emeritus

professor at Dukes Fuqua
School of Business and
consultant to multinational
companies
and
government organizations,
said almost everybody
does brainstorming wrong.

What is brainstorming?
Brainstorming combines a relaxed, informal approach
to problem solving with lateral thinking.
It encourages people to come up with thoughtsand
ideasthat can, at first, seem a bit crazy.
Some of these ideas can be crafted into original,
creative solutions to a problem, while others can spark
even more ideas. This helps to get people unstuck by
"jolting" them out of their normal ways of thinking.
Therefore, during brainstorming sessions, people
should avoid criticizing or rewarding ideas. You're
trying to open up possibilities and break down
incorrect assumptions about the problem's limits.

4 Basic Steps in Brainstorming

By: Ralph Keeney

LAY OUT THE

PROBLEM YOU WANT
TO SOLVE

IDENTIFY THE
OBJECTIVES OF A
POSSIBLE SOLUTION

TRY TO GENERATE

WHEN ALL ARE

CLEAR, WORK AS A
GROUP.

1. Lay out the problem you want to

solve.
According to Keeney, when dealing
with a problem, students should keep
on pushing until they come up with
at least 5 alternatives, and then,
considering all of those, identify
your objectives for your study,
evaluate the alternatives and select
the best.

2. Identify the objectives of a

possible solution.
Knowing the goals will help making
solutions easier.

3. Try to generate solutions

individually.
Coming into a group brainstorming
with potential solutions reduces the
risk that participants will get bogged
down on one objective.
This will avoid an anchor.

4. When your problems, objectives and

personal solutions are clear, work as a group.

Avoiding an anchor is a challenge

when brainstorming for solutions
however, according to Keeney, if
participants do their homework,
clarifying the problem, identifying the
objectives, and individually trying to
come up with solutions, a
brainstorming session can be
extremely productive.

CLOCK DIARGRAM

DECISION MAKING DIAGRAM

KWHL CHART

Y-Chart

CYCLE DIAGRAM

FISHBONE DIAGRAM

FRAYER MODEL

STAR DIAGRAM

CHAIN DIAGRAM

TOPIC OUTLINE
Arranges your ideas hierarchically, in the sequence
you want, and show what you will talk about.
Several aspects must be considered in writing
a topic outline.
Recall that all headings and subheadings must be
words or phrases, not sentences.
Also, the wording within each division must be
parallel.
Finally, as in any outline, remember that a division
or subdivision cannot be divided into one part;
therefore, if there is an "A" there must be a "B," and
if there is a "1" there must be a "2."

 I. Family Problems
A. Custodial: Non-custodial Conflicts
B. Extended Family
C. Adolescent's Age
II. Economic Problems
A. Child Support
B. Women's Job Training
C. Lower Standard of Living
D. Possible Relocation
1. Poorer Neighborhood
2. New School
III. Peer Problems
A. Loss of Friends
B. Relationships with Dates

SENTENCE OUTLINE
Similarly does what a topic outline does; plus, it
shows exactly what you will say about each minitopic.
Several aspects must be considered in
writing a sentence outline.
If you have chosen to write a sentence outline,
all headings and sub-headings must be in
sentence form.
As in any outline, remember that a division or
subdivision can not be divided into one part;
therefore, if there is an "A" there must be a "B,"
and if there is a "1" there must be a "2."

Negative Effects of Divorce on Adolescents

I. When family conflicts arise as a result of divorce, adolescents suffer.
A. During the first year, these young people may be depressed due
to conflicts between the custodial and non-custodial parents.
B. Grandparents, aunts, and uncles are often restricted by visitation
provisions.
C. Almost without exception, adolescents find divorce very painful,
but they react in differing degrees depending on their age.
II. Some of the most negative effects on adolescents may be
associated with economic problems.
A. The family will most probably experience a lower standard of
living due to the cost of maintaining two households.
B. Some female custodial parents have poor job skills and must
train before entering the job market.
C. The lower standard of living may result in misunderstanding and
conflicts within the family.
D. The decreased standard of living, particularly for an untrained
female custodial parent, often causes relocation.
1. The family may have to move to a poorer neighborhood in order
to cut costs.
2. As a result, the adolescent may have to attend a different
school.
III. Adolescents from divorced families often experience peer problems.