KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND

SCIENCE,WARANGAL-15

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

SEMINAR ON :

WIRELESS POWER
TRANSMISSION VIA SPS
SEMINAR SUPERVISOR:

PRESENTED BY

V.RAMAIAH

L.SAICHANDAR

Prof,Dept.of EEE

ROLL.NO:B14EE01
0

III/IV EEE-1

WIRELESS POWER
TRANSMISSION
THROUGH SPS (SOLAR POWER
SATELLITE)

Overview

History

Solar
power
satellit
e

Wireless
Power
transmis
sion

Component
s of
transmis
sion

Applicatio
ns

Conclusi
on

Wireless Power
Transmission(WPT)

HISTORY

1899

Nicola Tesla gave the idea of WPT.

His objective was to develop the technology for
transmitting electricity to anywhere in the world
without wires.

1965

A successful demonstration of a microwave

beam-riding helicopter was performed by U.S.
Air Force.

2007

The idea of Tesla is taken in to research after

100 years by a team led by Marin Soljai from
MIT. The project is named as WiTricity.

Introduction to SPS
Solar power satellite(SPS) is a gigantic
satellite designed as an electric power
plant orbiting the geostationary
orbit(GEO).
It consists of mainly three segments
Solar energy collector
DC to microwave converter
Large antenna array

WHY TO USE SPS ?

More intense sunlight.

Unlimited energy resource.

Energy delivered anywhere in the world.

Zero fuel cost.

Zero

Waste heat is radiated back into space.

No air or water pollution is created during the generation.

Concept is simpler than the other most power systems here on

the earth.

co2 emission environment safe.

HOW SPS WORKS ???

WHY WPT ???

Reliable

Efficient

Fast

Low maintenance cost

Can be used for short range or long range

Reduction of losses during transmission

and distribution of electrical energy.

Need for grids, substations etc. are

eliminated.

Noble alternative for electrical

Classification of WPT

WIRELESS
POWER
TRANSMISSION
SHORT
DISTANC
E

MEDIUM
DISTANC
E

LONG
DISTANC
E

ELECTROMAGNETI
C INDUCTION
MICROWA
VE

RADIATIO
N

ELECTROMAGN
ETIC
RESONANCE
LASER

1
0

LASER v/s MICROWAVES

When LASER is used, the antenna sizes can be much
smaller.
Microwaves can face interference (two frequencies can
be used for WPT are 2.45GHz and 5.4GHz).
LASER has high attenuation loss and also it gets
diffracted by atmospheric particles easily.
LASERsare impractical because theyd run into the
same problems that solar power does on Earth: they
don't work through clouds.

Transmission:

1
1

Four basic steps involved in the conversion of

solar energy to electricity and delivery are:
Step 1

Capture solar energy in space and convert it to

electricity
Step 2

Transform the electricity to radio frequency energy

and transmit it to Earth
Step 3

Receive the radio frequency energy on Earth and convert it back to

electricity
Step 4

Provide the electricity to the utility grid

1
electrical
2

STEP1: Solar to
energy
Photovoltaic cells are seldom used the
conversion of solar energy to electric
energy.

Photovoltaic cells are of many types which

may be:
single crystal silicon, poly crystalline,
Gallium arsenide
Solar thermal turbine can also be used
for power conversion.

1
STEP 2 AND STEP 3:Generation
3
and Transmission of Microwave

Primary
component
s of MPT

Microwave
generator

Transmitting
antenna

Rectifying
antenna
(Rectenna)

Microwave Power
Transmission(MPT) for
SPS
Microwave
Frequency
.

1
4

Within the limits of antenna size and

atmospheric attenuation microwave
frequency has been taken in the range of
1-6 GHz.
The microwave transmission often uses
2.45GHz or 5.8GHz of ISM band.
The highest efficiency over 90% is
achieved at 2.45 GHz among all the

Microwave generator

1
5

The microwave transmitting devices are

classified as:
Microwave Vacuum Tubes (magnetron,
klystron etc )
Semiconductor Microwave
transmitters (GaAs , InGaAS etc) :
Typical semiconductor devices are
FET (Field Effect
Transistor), HBT
(Hetero junction Bipolar Transistor), and
HEMT (High Electron Mobility
Transistor).

Continued.

1
6

The microwave tube is lighter than that of

the semiconductor amplifier.
The microwave tube can generate/amplify
higher power microwave than
that by the semiconductor amplifier.
A light weight phase controlled magnetron
called COMET, Compact
Microwave Energy Transmitter with a
power-weight ratio below 25g/W has been
invented.

Transmitting Antenna

1
7

Transmitting antenna is a gigantic antenna

array.
They may be of many types, some are The slotted wave guide antenna,
Micro strip patch antenna
Parabolic dish antenna

The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for

power transmission because of its high
aperture efficiency (> 95%) and high power

Antenna

1
8

Parabolic antenna

Phase array
antenna

Table 1

1
9
NASA/D

Model

Old
JAXA
Model

JAXA1
Model

JAXA2
Model

Frequency

5.8GHz

5.8GHz

5.8GHz

2.45GHz

Diameter of transmitting
antenna

2.6km

1km

1.93km

1km

Amplitude taper

10dB
10dB
10dB
Gaussian Gaussian Gaussian

OE
Model

10dB
Gaussian

Output power
(beamed to earth)

1.3GW

1.3GW

1.3GW

6.72GW

Maximum power density

at center

63mW/c
m2

420mW/
cm2

114mW/
cm2

2.2mW/cm2

Maximum power density

at edge

6.3mW/c
m2

42mW/c
m2

11.4mW/
cm2

0.22mW/c
m2

Antenna spacing

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

Table1 (continued)

2
0

Model

Old
JAXA
Model

JAXA1
Model

JAXA2
Model

NASA/
DOE
Model

Power per one antenna

(Number of elements)

Max.0.95
W
(3.54
billion)

Max 6.1W
(540
million)

Max 1.7W
(1.950
million)

Max 185W
(97
million)

Rectenna Diameter

2.0km

3.4km

2.45km

1km

Maximum Power
Density

180mW/c 26mW/cm 100mW/cm

2
2
m2

23mW/cm
2

96.5% Agency,
86%
87% Aeronautics
89% and
Collection
JAXA
: JapanEfficiency
Aerospace Exploration
NASA : National
Space Administration, DOE : U.S. Department Of Energy.

Rectenna

2
1

The word rectenna is derived from two individual

words, namely rectifier and antenna.
It is a special type of antenna that is used to directly
convert microwave energy into DC electricity.
A simple rectenna element consists of a dipole
antenna with a Schottky diode placed across the
dipole elements.

5,000 MW Receiving Station (Rectenna).This

Station is about a mile & a half long in US.2
2

Continued.
A typical rectenna has an efficiency of 85%.
The efficiency of a rectenna is affected by;
array connection loss
change of optimum operation point
any losses on the systems

2
3

Complete WPT system

2
via4 SPS

FLOW CHART OF SOLAR POWER TRANSMISSION

2
5

Advantages

2
6

Unlimited energy resource.

Solar radiation can be efficiently collected in the
space.
Zero fuel cost.
Can delivers energy anywhere in the world.
Less CO2 emission.

Continued..

2
7

Cost of transmission and distribution become

less.
Power failure due to short circuit and fault on
cables would not be
possible.
Completely eliminates the existing hightension power transmission
line cables, towers and sub stations.
Long range environmental impact is
minimum.

Disadvantages

2
8

Launch costs is high

Requires a network of hundreds of satellites
Possible health hazards

The size of antennas and rectennas is quite larg

Interference with communication satellites
Heat reduction is important problem in space,
lost power converts to heat

Future Applications
Roadway powered electric vehicles
for charging electric batteries.
Solar power satellites in
geosynchronous orbit can supply
terrestrial power demands.

2
9

Environmental issues 3

0
Interference to existent wireless system:
Harmonics of the MPT signal should be small
to avoid interference to other radio services
in operation.
Safety on ground:
MPT uses more intense microwaves than that
in wireless communication system hence MPT
safety for human is considered. Research
results thatmicrowave effect to human health is
only heating problem.

Continued.

3
1

Interaction with atmosphere:

Absorption and scatter by air, rain and irregularity of

air refraction ratio.
Attenuation by rain need to be considered.

Interaction with space plasmas:

Microwaves propagates through ionospheric plasmas,
interaction occurs.
Refraction, faraday rotation, scintillation and
absorption occurs between microwave used for
satellite communication and the plasma.

Biological impacts

Health hazards:
Effects of long term exposure.
Exposure is equal to the
amount that
people receive from cell
phones and
microwaves
Public exposure to WPT fields
would
be below existing safety

3
2

Conclusion
The concept
of WPT
offers
possibilities
of
transmitting
power with
negligible
losses and
ease of
transmission
.

3
3

There will
be a shift
towards
renewable
sources and
solar will
be a major
contributor

SSP may seem

futuristic at
present, it is
technological
feasible and,
given
appropriate
conditions, can
become
economically
viable.

References

3
4

M.Muthupriya, S.Vinothini, Wireless Power Transmission Via

Solar Power Satellite, International Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 5, May-2013 ISSN 22295518.

P. E. Glaser, "An overview of the solar power satellite option,"

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 40,
no. 6, pp. 1230-1238, June 1992.

James O. McSpadden, Space Solar Power Programs and

Microwave Wireless Power Transmission Technology, ISSN 15273342, Dec 2002 IEEE

Susumu Sasaki, Microwave Power Transmission Technologies for

Solar Power Satellites, proceedings of THE IEEE/ vol. 101, no.6,
June 2013

Hiroshi Matsumoto, Satellites and Microwave Power

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5

THANK
YOU

3
6