Electronic Circuits

and Systems
The Solution of Matrix Network
Equations

KEW Sept 2004

The Solution of Matrix Network

Equations

Loop analysis gives equations of the form:

V Z . I

V = Applied voltage
I = Loop currents
Z = Impedance matrix

To solve for the unknown loop currents we have to invert the

impedance matrix.

I Z .V
1

If Z is of order 3 or more, this can be very tedious to do by

hand!
KEW Sept 2004

Cramers Rule

If only a single loop current is required, Cramers Rule

can provide a simpler method of solution.

If:

Then:

v1 z11
v z
2 21
v3 z31

z12
z 22
z32

z13
z 23
z33

v1

z12

z13

v2

z 22

z 23

v3

z32

z33

i1

i1
i
2
i3

To find i2 , V
would have been
substituted for the
second column of

Z
KEW Sept 2004

Solution of NAM (Nodal Admittance

Matrix) Circuit Relations

There are two relationships in circuits which are most

commonly sought after: Driving Point (or input)
impedance and Voltage Transfer Function
Yc

E.g.
I1 1

Ya

Yb

Yd

I2

I3

KEW Sept 2004

Solution of NAM Circuit

Relations(cont.)

The voltages, admittances and currents will be related as follows:

I1 y11
I y
2 21
I 3 y31

y12
y22
y32

y13
y23
y33

V1
V
2
V3

I Y .V

Where ymn are the matrix elements derived by summing appropriate

circuit components
KEW Sept 2004

Applying Cramers Rule:Yc

I1

I1

V1

1
I2
Y
I3

y12

y13

y22
y32

y23
y33

However, for this circuit

1
V1
Y

y22
I1
y32

i.e.

Yb

I3
Yd

I2

I2 I3 0

y23
0
y12
y33
0

y23
0
y13
y33
0
0

Ya

y22

y32

y22 y23
y32 y33
11 Consequently
V1 I1
I1
Y
Y
KEW Sept 2004

Z IN

V1 11

I1 Y
6

Applying Cramers Rule

(cont.)

Similarly, by Cramers Rule:-

y11
1
V3
y21
Y
y31

1
V3
Y

y22
y11
y32

y12
y22
y32

I1
I2
I3

0
y21 0
y21
y12
I1
0
y31 0
y31
y21

V3 I1

y22

y32

y22

y31 y32

I1 13
Y
Y
KEW Sept 2004

Applying Cramers Rule

(cont.)

Combining the expressions for V1 and V3 :-

I1
V3

V1
I1

13
Y 13
11
11
Y

N.B. Both of these short-cut approaches require zero node

current (NET) in all but one node. In this case, I1 is non-zero

KEW Sept 2004

Electronic Circuits
and Systems
Analysis of passive frequency
dependent circuits and active circuits

KEW Sept 2004

Laplacean transformations for

frequency -dependent circuits

Circuits with frequency dependent components can be

transformed to produce linear equations in the s-plane

The matrix can then be created and solved as for the

preceding purely resistive examples

i.e. The Laplacean impedances and admittances may be

used in conjunction with Nodal and Mesh analysis
methods to provide more general solutions to circuit
problems

KEW Sept 2004

10

Example
1

1/SL2 L2

G2

C1 2 C2
SC1 SC2
G1

C3

L1

I ( s ) Y ( s ).V ( s )

R2

1/SL1

R1

The components have their

Admittances marked next to
them

SC3

I1
I
2
I3

I4

1
G

SC

1
1
SL2

SC1
1

SL2
0

SC1
SC1 SC2
SC2
0

1
SL2

SC2

1
SL1

1
SC2
G2
SL2
G2

KEW Sept 2004

G2

V1
V
2
V3

V4

G2 SC3

11

Small Signal a.c.

Representations

Matrix elements may also be substituted with small signal a.c.

representations either directly or by substituting s=j in the
Laplacean equations i.e.

I ( j ) Y ( j ).V ( j )

KEW Sept 2004

12

Benefits of Nodal Analysis over

Mesh
analysis

Either Nodal or Mesh analysis can be used to solve

Any circuit. However, Nodal analysis is generally
preferred for the following reasons:

1.

2.

3.

Circuits containing large numbers of components tend to also

have large numbers of branches, hence creating larger
matrices with Mesh than with Nodal
The NAM (Nodal admittance matrix) has simpler rules for the
insertion of circuit values i.e. dependent only on the Node
numbers to which the components are connected. This enables
computer programs to be simpler.
For larger circuits, there is no danger of error or redundancy in
defining the current-loop requirements.
KEW Sept 2004

13

Nodal Analysis Active

Devices

Review for a passive circuit, the relationship between voltages,

currents and admittances can be expressed in matrix form as
follows:
Current
Vector

I Y .V

Nodal Admittance
matrix

Voltage
Vector

The elements of Y are given by:

What effect do active components have on these relationships?

yii Admittances connected to node i

yij Admittances connected between node i and node j

KEW Sept 2004

14

Example: Active circuit using a

SC
voltage amplifier
(ideal)
1
2
1

g1

Ki

g2

SC2
0

Initially, write nodal equations for

cct without amplifier:-

I1
I
2
I3

I4

g1

g1

g1
0

SC1 g1 g 2
g2

g2
SC2 g 2

SC1

0
KEW Sept 2004

0
SC1

0

SC1

V1

V2
V3

V4
15

Example: Active circuit using a

voltage amplifier (ideal) ..Continued
Now consider effect of amplifier :

It constrains V4 = KV3

This constraint can be accommodated by multiplying column 3 by 1/K

and adding it to column 4. The reference to V3 can then be deleted

I1 g1
I 2 g1

I3 0

I 4 i 0

ie. V3 = V4/K

g1
SC1 g1 g 2
g2
SC1

0
g2
SC2 g 2
0

KEW Sept 2004

0
V1

SC1
V2
0
V4
SC1
16

Active circuit using a voltage

amplifier (ideal)
..Continued
g

I1

2
V1
SC1
I g1 SC1 g1 g 2

K

2
V2
SC

g
I3

2
2
V
0

4
K

i
4

SC1
SC1

Note: amplifier current into Node 4 (i) is unknown. However, since only 3
equations are needed to solve for 3 unknowns we can therefore ignore (delete)
the equation corresponding to this node. Thus:

I1 g1
I g
1
2
I 3
0

g1
SC1 g1 g 2
g2

V1

SC1 2 V2
K

SC2 g 2 V4

KEW Sept 2004

17

Matrix representation for active

circuits

Note: Unlike passive circuits, the matrix representation

for active circuits is generally Asymmetric

ie.

yij y ji

for every i and j

The by hand computation then proceeds as for passive

circuits

KEW Sept 2004

18

i.e. Suppose we require the voltage

transferV4functionI g

g
0
V

V1

V4 13

V1 11
g1
13
0
11

(for this matrix)

I g
1
2
I 3
0

SC1 g1 g 2
g2

SC1 2
K

SC2 g 2
K

g2

g2
SC1
k

SC2 g 2
k

S 2C1C2 S C1 g 2 1 k C2 g1 g 2 g1 g 2 2 g 2
11
k
KEW Sept 2004

V2

V4

SC1 g1 g 2
g1 g 2
g2

SC1 g1 g 2

19

Transfer function calculation

continued
V
kg g

V1

S 2C1C2 S C1 g 2 1 k C2 g1 g 2 g1 g 2 2 g 2

e.g. if
then

g1 g 2 1

k 1

C1

2Q
0

C2

3
2Q0

0
V4
1
1

V1 3S 2 3S
3 S 2 0 S 2

3
0

2
Q

Q
0

0
2

SALLEN & KEY circuit

2nd order active RC filter

which simulates RE

V1

LE

where

CE

V4

KEW Sept 2004

0
Q

1
LE C E

1
0 RE C E

20

Example: Voltage Controlled

current source
(Transconductance
amplifier)
0
g3

g1

1
2

g2

g4

Using simple small signal model for a

transistor B

g mVbe g m (V1 V2 )

g6

E
Note: Node 0 is earth and +Vcc rail
for this small signal a.c. analysis (by
superposition)

KEW Sept 2004

21

Small signal equivalent

I
circuit g (V V )
3

g1

g2

g6

g3
2

I2

g4

To start, ignore the dependent source and write the nodal

equations for the remaining circuit -

KEW Sept 2004

22

Example
g m (V1 V2 )

g1

g2

I3
3

g6

g3
2

g4

I2

I1 g1 g 2 g 6
I
g6
2
I 3
0

g6
g6 g4
0

KEW Sept 2004

0 V1

0 V2
g 3 V3

23

Example

g1

g2

I3

g m (V1 V2 )

g3 3

g6
2

Now introduce the current source which is:

Subtracting gm(V1-V2) from I3 in node 3

Adding gm(V1-V2) to I2 in node 2

i.e.

I2

g4

I 2 g 6 g m V1 g 6 g 4 g m V2 0.V3
I 3 g mV1 g mV2 g 3V3

I1 g1 g 2 g 6
I g g
6
m
2
I 3
gm

g6
g6 g4 gm
gm
KEW Sept 2004

0
0
g 3

V1
V
2
V3
24

Example: continued.

Hence the NAM becomes:

I1 g1 g 2 g 6
I g g
6
m
2
I 3
gm

g6
g6 g4 gm
gm

KEW Sept 2004

0
g 3

V1
V
2
V3

25

Example continued.

Thus

V3 13

V1 11

g6 g4 gm

( g6 g m )
13
gm
11

gm

g6 g 4 g m
gm

g4 gm

0
g3 g6 g 4 g m
g3

V3
g4 g m

V1 g 3 g 6 g 4 g m
KEW Sept 2004

26

Substituting resistances for

conductances..

Substituting resistances for conductances and

g6

1
re

1
gm
re

V3
R3

V1 1 R4 re

R3

R4 re

for

Further, if re<<R4, this approximates to:

V3
R
3
V1
R4
KEW Sept 2004

27

Voltage amplifier as voltagecontrolled current source

A voltage amplifier may be represented as a voltage

controlled current source as follows:

Vin

Vin

Vo=K.Vin

1
R

Vin

K/1

-R

-R
K/R

KEW Sept 2004

This gives equivalent to

ideal voltage source
but introduces an extra
node into the circuit
28

Example Network
Incorporating1 ideal
op-amp
2
g
4
1

Vi

+
-

SC1

g2

Vo
SC2

First form NAM for passive components -

I1
I
2
I3

I4

g1
g
1

g1

g1 SC1

0
0

g 2 SC2
SC2
KEW Sept 2004

0
0

SC2

SC2

V1
V
2
V3

V4
29

Example Network Incorporating

ideal op-amp

For an ideal op-amp with NEGATIVE feedback, the +

and inputs will be constrained equal ie V3=V2

So rewrite matrix to include constraint:

I1
g1

I2
g1
I3
0
I 4 i

g1
g1 SC1
g 2 SC2

0
0
SC2

V1
V
2
V4

KEW Sept 2004

N.B. New 2nd

column is sum of
old 2nd and 3rd
columns

30

Example Network Incorporating

ideal op-amp

Consequence is 4 equations in 3 unknown voltages.

Also have unknown current i injected into node 4 by the
op-amp.

However, we will generally not be interested in node 4

current. Therefore, delete this as redundant equation,
hence:-

I1
g1
I g
1
2

I 3
0

g1
g1 SC1
g 2 SC2
KEW Sept 2004

0
0
SC2

V1
V
2
V4
31

Example Network Incorporating

ideal
op-amp
V V
Therefore, solving matrix for e.g.
o

Vi

V1

13
g1 g 2 SC2 g1
1 SC2 R2

11 g1SC2 S 2C1C2 SC2 R2 S 2C1C2 R1 R2

Vo
1 1 SC2 R2

SC
R
1

SC
R
VIf
i we put
2 R
2 1 =R2=R,1 1C
1=C2=C, then

Vo
1

Vi SCR

i.e. Non-inverting integrator

KEW Sept 2004

32