ENHANCE OIL

RECOVERY

PRESENTATION BY AWAIS AHMED

16ME-PET-S11

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CORRELATION FOR CRUDE OIL

Crude oil is a complex mixture consisting
hydrocarbons sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and helium
as minor constituents
Physical properties
Fluid gravity
Specific gravity of the solution gas
Gas solubility
Bubble-point pressure
Oil formation volume factor
Isothermal compressibility coefficient of undersaturated crude oils
Oil density
Total formation volume factor
Crude oil viscosity
Surface tension

BASED ON FOLLOWING CORRELATIONS

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

Standings correlation
The Vasquez-Beggs correlation
Glasos correlation
Marhouns correlation
The Petrosky-Farshad correlation

VISCOSITY
DEAD OIL VISCOSITY CORRELATIONS

CORRELATIONS
Beals correlation
The Beggs-Robinson correlation
Glasos correlation
Beals Correlation
From a total of 753 values for deadoil viscosity at and above 100F,
Beal (1946) developed a graphical
correlation for determining the
viscosity of the dead oil as a function
of temperature and the API gravity
of the crude.
Uod: 0.32+1.8(107/API4.53))(360/T260)9
a : 10(0.43+8.33/API)

The Beggs Robinson

Correlation
Beggs and Robinson (1975)
developed an empirica
lcorrelation
Uod: 10x-1
X: Y(T-460)-1.163
Y: 10z
Z: 3.0324-0.020230API

Glasos Correlation
Glaso (1980) proposed a
generalized mathematical
relationship developed from
experimental measurements on
26 crude oil samples.
Uod:[3.141(1010)](T-460)-

SATURATED OIL VISCOSITY

The Chew Conally

Coreelation

The Beggs-Robinson
Correlation

Chew and Connally (1959)

presented a graphical
correlation to adjust
the dead-oil viscosity
according to the gas solubility
at saturation pressure.
Uob: (10)a(Uod)b
a: Rs[2.2(10-7)Rs-7.4(10-4)]
b: 0.68/10c + 0.25/10d +
0.062/10e
c: 8.62(10-5)Rs, d:1.1(10-3)Rs,
e: 3.74(10-3)Rs

Chew and Connally (1959)

presented a graphical
correlation to adjust
the dead-oil viscosity
according to the gas solubility
at saturation pressure.
Uob: a(Uod)b
A:10.715(Rs+100)-0.515
B: 5.44(Rs+150)-0.338

VISCOSITY OF UNDERSATURATED OIL

Oil viscosity at pressures above the bubble point

The Vasquez-Beggs Correlation

Vasquez and Beggs (1980) proposed the following expression
Uo: Uob(P/Pb)m
M: 2.6p1.18710a
A: -3.9(10-5)P-5

SURFACE/ INTERFICIAL TENSION

The surface tension is defined
as
the force exerted on the
boundary
layer between a liquid
phase and a vapor phase
per unit length.
This force is caused by
differences between the
molecular forces in the vapor
phase and those in the liquid
phase, and also by the
imbalance of these forces at
the interface. The surface can
be measured in the laboratory
and
dynes per centimeter

Sugden

Fanchi modified
Fanchi (1985) correlated the
parachor with molecular weight
with a
simple linear equation.
(Pch)i: 69.9+2.3Mi
Further mmodified by

Katz et al
Katz et al. (1943) employed the
Sugden correlation for mixtures by
introducing the compositions of the
two phases
1/4: {[(Pch)i(Axi-Byi)]
A: o/62.4Mo, B: g/62.4Mg

POROSITY
The porosity of a rock is a
measure of the storage capacity
(pore volume) that is capable of
holding fluids

Types
Absolute:Total pore
volume/Bulk volume

PERMEABILITY

Permeability is a property of
the porous medium that
measures the capacity and
ability of the formation to
transmit fluids. The rock
permeability.
k
This rock characterization was
first defined mathematically
by Henry Darcy in 1856.

Effective: Interconnected
pores/Bulk volume

RESERVOIR ROCK PROPERTIES CORRELATIONS

ABSOLUTE PERMEABILITY CORRELATIONS

TIMUR Equation
Timur (1968) proposed the following expression for estimating the
permeability from connate water saturation and porosity
K: 8.581024.4/S2wc
The Morris-Biggs Equation
Morris and Biggs (1967) presented the following two expressions
for estimating the permeability if oil and gas reservoirs:
For Oil Reservoirs
K: 62.5(3/Swc)2
For Gas Reservoir
K: 2.5(3/Swc)2

ROCK COMPRESSIBILITY

A reservoir thousands of feet underground is

subjected to an overburden pressure caused by
the weight of the overlying formations.
Overburden pressures vary from area to area
depending on factors such as depth, nature of
the structure, consolidation of the formation,
and possibly the geologic age and history of the
rocks. Depth of the formation is the most
important consideration, and a typical value of
overburden pressure is approximately one psi
per foot of depth.

Hall
Hall (1953) correlated the pore compressibility with porosity as given by the
following
relationship:
Cf: (1.782/0.438)10-6
Newman
Newman (1973) used 79 samples for consolidated sandstones and limestones
to develop a correlation between the formation compressibility and
porosity. The proposed generalized hyperbolic form of the equation is:
Cf: a/[1+cb]
For Consolidated Sandstones
a: 97.32x10-6
b: 0.699993
c: 79.8181
Limestones
a: 0.8535
b: 1.075
c: 2.202x106

CONSOLIDATED AND UNCONSOLIDATED

OIL SANDS CONTRROL METHODS
Consolidated sediments is
essentially solid rock made from
materials
that
have
been
metamorphosed or cemented
together.
For
example,
limestone is made of oceanic
deposits of billions of shells;
likewise,sandstone is made of
tiny grains of sand. Ground
water flows through fracture
networks and/or pore spacein
these consolidated sediments.
Consolidated sediments are
sedimentary
rocks,
includingconglomerate,
sandstone,
siltstone,
shale,
limestone, and coal.

Unconsolidated sediments
are loose materials,ranging
from clay to sand to gravel.
Ground water flows through
spaces between the grains
for example; Earthquakes
can
liquefy
unconsolidated
sediments
(but
not
consolidated sediments).

UNCONSOLIDATED RESERVOIRS
Under planned production rates if sand is producing then there is only
sand control completion option

Classes of Completion
Resin Injection
Slotted liners
Pre-packed Screens
Resin-coated Gravel Without Screen

RESIN INJECTION
TO CEMENT THE SAND GRAINS IN SITU, A RESIN IS INJECTED
INTO FORMATION, THROUGH PERFORATION AND THEN
FLUSHED WITH CATALYST.
MOST COMMONLY USED

Phenolic, furan, epoxy resins

Thy bind rock particles together creating stable matrix of permeablity,
consolidated grains around the casing
This technique tends to be reserved for short intervals upto 10-15 ft 34m, complete coverage of largwe zones is difficult unless selective
placemnat tools are used
Resin consolidation is used sucessfully but not accounts for no more
than about 10% of sand control completions
For Example: if an 8 darcy unconsolidated sand is resin treated to
give a compressive strengh of up to 3300 psi, and permeability may
be reduced upto 25%.and productivity cut of 10%

SLOTTED LINERS AND PREPACKED SCREENS

Slotted liner pipes , screens and prepacked screens offer the low cost
down hole filtering.

Slotted liners have large holes

Wire wrapped screens have smaller openings

Screen packed with resin coated sand offer finest filtering

Each type can be run as part of the completion
Slotted liners are typically sized to cause bridging of largest 10% of
formation particles creating filter for remaining particles but
Production of even a small amount of fines can plug many
screens, particularly prepacked screens within a few hours of
installation
Slotted liners and prepacked screens are used only 5% of sand
controlling completions

RESIN-COATED GRAVEL WITHOUT SCREENS AND

GRAVEL PACKING
Resin-coated gravel are used as down hole filter with out screen.
The gravel is circulated into positions as a slurry, either inside
casing or open hole and then squeeze to form a plug across the
producing zone.
In cased hole, Plug may be completely drilled out to leave gravel
filled.
ADVANTAGE
It can be Performed by Coil Tubing

DISADVANTAGE
the pack creates significant additional drawdown that may affect
productivity

GRAVEL PACKING
Gravel packing has been used by Oil industry since 1930s

Today its most widely employed sand control measure, accounting for
about three quarters of treatments
Procedure
A slurry of accurately sized gravel in a carrier fluid is pumped into
annular space between a centralized screen or either perforateed
casing or open hole
The gravel pack creates a granular filter with high permeability about
120 darcy but pervents formation sand to enter well
Disadvantage
The injecting carrier in formation may damage reservoir permeability
and restrict production.
Completing multiple zone with gravel pack is difficult