COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN

REFORM PROGRAM
(CARP)

History of
Agrarian
Reform

CAR
P

Agraria
n
structu
re
Agrarian
Reform
&
Land Reform

RA
665
7

Econom
y and
Agraria
n
Reform

AGRARIAN REFORM
&
LAND REFORM

Land Reform
Refers to all sets of activities and measures that
may or should be taken to improve or correct the
defects or problems in the relations among men
with respect to their rights to the land they till
Technically defined as an integrated set of
measures designed to eliminate obstacles to
economic and social development arising out of
defects in the agrarian structure

Agrarian Reform
Defined as the rectification of the whole system
of agriculture
The redistribution of lands, regardless of crops or
fruits produced, to farmers and regular
farmworkers who are landless
It comprises not only land reform but also the
reform and development of complimentary
institutional frameworks, rural education, and
social welfare institutions

Agrarian Reform Measures

Agrarian reform would, therefore, also cover the
following:
1. Public health programs
2. Family planning
3. Education and training of farmers
4. Reorganization of land reforms agencies
5. Application of labor laws to agricultural workers
6. Construction of infrastructure facilities such as feeder roads,
irrigation systems, etc., and the establishment of rural
electrification
7. Organization of various types of voluntary associations
8. Providing employment opportunities to underemployed or
surplus rural labor; and
9. Other services of a community development nature

AGRARIAN STRUCTURE

Meaning of Agrarian Structure

Agrarian structure
-a complex set of relationships within the
agricultural sector
tenure structure
production structure
structure of support services
Reforms in the agrarian structure
-seek to remedy not only the defect in the
distribution and use of land

Land Tenure Structure

One or more systems regulating the rights to a
mans ownership, control, and usage of land
A system which defines a persons legal right
and ownership over land, and the duties
accompanying such right.

Production Structure
Includes the nature, type, and mode
of operations to make land
productive
Actual process of production
producing the output
These activities take into
consideration the:
Size
Location
Shape of production unit

Structure of Support Services

Involve credit, marketing, the supply of
agricultural requisites, processing, storage
Immediate bearing on reforming of tenure and
production structures
Insure the success of the farmer who has
acquired a new tenure status as lessee
Prepare the lessee for land ownership
Assist the owner-cultivator to use the land more
productively and increase income

Philippine Agrarian Structure

One of the main defects of our country
agrarian
structure
was
the
high
proportion of share tenancy in our
country.
Latifundia or cacique system that the
Filipinos had for decades made the life of
Filipino tenants miserable

Latifundia or Cacique
system
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Inquilinato system
Kasama system
Takipan system
Talindua
Terciahan

AGRARIAN REFORM
AND
THE ECONOMY

Vital Position of Agriculture in National

Economy
Agriculture forms the predominant industry in
the Philippines
large portion of total working population is
employed in agriculture.
has high export value and makes up an
essential part of a countries Gross Domestic
Product (GDP).

Agriculture can thus claim priority as the most

important component of the economic
structure.

Agrarian Reform & the economy

An effective agrarian reform is a precursor to
successful economy
Agrarian reform has several effects to economy in
terms of
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Agricultural productivity
Poverty Reduction
Income and Living standards
Employment
Investment and capital formation
Impartiality on rural population

COMPREHENSIVE
AGRARIAN REFORM
PROGRAM
(RA 6657)

RA 6657
Otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Law (CARL)
The act instituted the Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Program to promote social justice and
industrialization, providing the mechanism for its
implementation, and for other purposes

Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Program
A response to the peoples clamor and
expectations of a more effective land reform
program that would supposedly correct the many
flaws that plagued the previous land reform
programs
the redistribution of public and private agricultural
lands to farmers and farmworkers who are
landless, irrespective of tenurial arrangement
CARPs vision is to have an equitable land
ownership with empowered agrarian reform
beneficiaries who can effectively manage their
economic and social development to have a
better quality of life

Major features of RA 6657

It provides for the coverage of all agricultural lands
regardless of crops produced or tenurial status of
the tiller
It recognizes as beneficiaries of the program all
workers in the land given that they are landless and
willing to till the land
It provides fro the delivery of support services to
program beneficiaries
It provide for arrangements that ensure the tenurial
security of farmers and farmworkers such as the
leasehold arrangement, stock distribution option
and production and profit sharing
It creates an adjudication body that will resolve
agrarian disputes

Coverage of CARP
1. Government owned lands devoted to or suitable
for agriculture;
2. Alienable and disposable lands of the public
domain devoted to or suitable for agriculture;
3. Public domain lands in excess of the specific
limits as determined by Congress; and
4. Private lands devoted to or suitable for
agriculture regardless of the agricultural
products raised or that can be raised thereon.

Compensation
Determination of Just Compensation
Valuation and Mode of Compensation
1. Cash payment under the following terms and
conditions

For lands above 50 hectares 25% cash

Fro lands above 24 -50 hectares 30% cash

2. Shares of stock in government-owned or controlled

corporations
3. Tax credits which can be used against any tax liability
4. Land Bank of the Philippines bonds

Sources of funds
1. Proceeds of the sales of Assets Privatization Trust
2. All receipts from assets recovered and from sales
of ill-gotten wealth recovered through the
Presidential Commission on Good Government
3. Proceeds of the disposition of the properties of
the government in foreign countries
4. Portion of amounts accruing to the Philippines
from all sources of official foreign aid grants and
concessional enterprises, operated by
multinational corporations and associations, shall
be programmed for acquisition and distribution

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Land distribution
Leasehold Operation
Production and profit sharing
Stock distribution option
Commercial farm deferment

1.
2.
3.
4.

Credit Facilities
Technology
Infrastructures
Cooperatives

1. Agrarian Legal Assistance

2. Adjudication of Cases

C
Land Tenure
O
Improvement
M
P
Program
O
Beneficiary
Development N
E
N
Agrarian
T
Justice
S
Delivery

Land Redistribution
Qualified Beneficiaries
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

Agricultural lessees and share tenants

Regular farmworkers
Seasonal farmworkers
Other farmworkers
Actual tillers or occupants of public lands
Collectives or cooperatives of the above beneficiaries
Others directly working on the land

Distribution Limits
Award to Beneficiaries
Payment by Beneficiaries
Transferability of Awarded Lands
Financial Intermediary for the CARP

Support Services
1. Irrigation facilities
2. Infrastructure development and
public works projects
3. Government subsidies for the use of
irrigation
4. Price support and guarantee for all
agricultral produce
5. Extending necessary credits to
farmers and land-owners
6. Promoting, developing and

Support Programs
Land Bank of the Philippines
DPWH
National Irrigation Administration

HISTORY OF AGRARIAN
REFORM

Agrarian reform is a 100-year history of unfinished reforms after the United States took over the country
from the Spaniards.

Pre-Spanish Period
There were no owner-cultivators (everyone can
access the fruits of the soil), only communal land
owned by the barangay which consisted of a datu,
freemen, serfs and slaves.
Rice was the medium of exchange

Spanish Period
The Spaniards replaced this traditional system
of land ownership, similar to existing systems
among several indigenous communities today
and distributed the land (haciendas) to the
Spanish military and the clergy or established
encomiendas (administrative districts).

Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)

What happened to the estates took over by
the
HUKBALAHAP
during
the
Japanese
occupation?
These estates were confiscated and returned to
its owners. Because of this, some of the farmertenants preferred to join the HUK movement
rather than go back and serve their landlords
under the same conditions prior to World War II.

Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)

What were the key accomplishments during the
Roxas administration?
Republic Act No. 34 was enacted to establish a 7030 sharing arrangement between tenant and
landlord. The 70% of the harvest will go to the
person who shouldered the expenses for planting,
harvesting and for the work animals.
It also reduced the interest of landowners loans to
tenants at not more than 6%.
President Roxas also negotiated for the purchase of
8,000 hectares of lands in Batangas owned by the
Ayala-Zobel family. These were sold to landless
farmers.

Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953)

What was the major program of the Quirino
administration regarding agrarian reform?
Through Executive Order No. 355, the Land
Settlement
Development
Corporation
(LASEDECO) was established to accelerate and
expand the peasant resettlement A ii ii Bureau of
Agrarian Reform Information and Education
program of the government. However, due to
limited post-war resources, the program was not
successful.

Ramon Magsaysay (19531957)

Did President Magsaysay pursue land reform
during his term?
Yes, President Magsaysay realized the importance
of pursuing a more honest-to-goodness land
reform program. He convinced the elite controlled
congress to pass several legislation to improve
the land reform situation, to wit:

Ramon Magsaysay (19531957)

R.A. No. 1400 (1955) : Land Reform
Act or known as Land to the
Landless Program which sought
improvement in land tenure and
guaranteed the expropriation of all
tenanted landed estates.
R.A. No. 1266 (1955) Expropriation of
Hacienda del Rosario, situated at
Valdefuente, Cabanatuan City.

Ramon Magsaysay (19531957)

R.A. No. 1199 (1954): Agricultural Tenancy Act,
basically governed the relationship between
landholders and tenant-farmers. This law helped
protect the tenurial rights of tenant tillers and
enforced fair tenancy practices.
R.A. No. 1160 (1954): Free distribution of
Resettlement and Rehabilitation and Agricultural
land and an Act establishing the National
Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration
(NARRA).

Ramon Magsaysay (19531957)

How did he
Tenancy Act?

implement

the

Agricultural

He established the Court of Agricultural Relations

in 1955 to improve tenancy security, fix the land
rentals on tenanted farms, and to resolve the
many land disputes filed by the landowners and
peasant organizations.
He also created the Agricultural Tenancy
Commission to administer problems arising from
tenancy. Through this Commission 28,000
hectares were issued to settlers.

Ramon Magsaysay (19531957)

What were this administrations key support
programs on AR?
Creation
of
the
Agricultural
Credit
and
Cooperative Financing Administration (ACCFA), a
government agency formed to provide warehouse
facilities and assist farmers market their products.
Organization of Farmers Cooperatives and
Marketing Associations (FACOMAs).

Ramon Magsaysay (19531957)

Resettlement program pursued through National
Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration
(NARRA) or RA No. 1160 of 1954, established to
pursue the governments resettlement program
and to accelerate free distribution of agricultural
lands to landless tenants and farmers. It
particularly aimed to convince members of the
HUKBALAHAP movement to return to a peaceful
life by giving them homelots and farmlands
settlement.
Establishment of an Agricultural and Industrial
Bank to provide easier terms in applying for
homestead and other farmland.

Ramon Magsaysay (19531957)

Did these interventions improve the land
ownership and tenancy situation?
Out of the targeted 300 haciendas for
distribution, only 41 were distributed after its 7
years of implementation. This was due to lack of
funds and inadequate support services provided
for these programs.
Landlords continued to be uncooperative and
critical to the program; and landownership and
tenancy problems continued.

Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)

Was there legislation on land reform under
this administration?
There was no legislation passed in his term but he
continued to implement the land reform programs
of President Magsaysay.

Diosdasdo Macapagal
(1961-1965)
Why was President Diosdado Macapagal
considered the Father of Agrarian Reform?
It was during his term that the Agricultural Land
Reform Code or RA No. 3844 was enacted on
August 8, 1963. This was considered to be the
most comprehensive piece of agrarian reform
legislation ever enacted in the country.

Diosdasdo Macapagal
(1961-1965)
Why was RA No. 3844 considered the most
comprehensive piece of legislation ever
enacted in the Philippines?
This Act abolished share tenancy in the
Philippines. It prescribed a program converting
the tenant farmers to lessees and eventually into
owner-cultivators;
It aimed to free tenants from the bondage of
tenancy and gave hope to poor Filipino farmers
It emphasized owner-cultivatorship and farmer
independence, equity, productivity improvement
and the public distribution of land.

Diosdasdo Macapagal
(1961-1965)
What happened to the implementation of this
Act?
The landed Congress did not provide effort to
come up with a separate bill to provide funding
for its implementation. A ii ii Bureau of Agrarian
Reform Information and Education. However, this
act was piloted in the provinces of Pangasinan,
Bulacan,
Nueva
Ecija,Pampanga,
Tarlac,
Occidental Mindoro, Camarines Sur and Misamis
Oriental.
It acquired a total of 18,247.06 hectares or
99.29% out of the total scope of 18,377.05
hectares. The program benefited 7,466 Farmer

Ferdinand E. Marcos (19651986)

What was the heart of
President Marcos
Agrarian Reform Program?
Presidential Decree No. 27 became the heart of
the Marcos reform. It provided for tenanted lands
devoted to rice and corn to pass ownership to
the tenants, and lowered the ceilings for
landholdings to 7 hectares. The law stipulated
that share tenants who worked from landholding
of over 7 hectares could purchase the land they
tilled, while share tenants on land less than 7
hectares would become leaseholders.

Ferdinand E. Marcos (19651986)

How can this Agrarian Reform Program help
the farmers?
His agrarian reform program was designed to
uplift the farmers from poverty and ignorance and
to make them useful, dignified, responsible and
progressive partners in nation-building. His AR
program was a package of service extended to
farmers in the form of credit support,
infrastructure, farm extension, legal assistance,
electrification
and
development
of
rural
institutions.

Ferdinand E. Marcos (19651986)

What were the major components of President
Marcos Agrarian Reform Program?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Land Tenure Program

Institutional Development
Physical Development
Agricultural Development ; and
Human Resources

Ferdinand E. Marcos (19651986)

Why was President Marcos agrarian reform
program labeled as revolutionary by some
sectors??
It was considered revolutionary for two reasons:
1. It was pursued under Martial Law and intended to
make quick changes without going through legislative
or technical processes;
2. It was the only law in the Philippines ever done in
handwriting.

Ferdinand E. Marcos (19651986)

What were some of the limitations of his
agrarian reform program?
Scope of program was limited only to tenanted,
privately-owned rice and corn lands;
Monopoly of businessmen in the coconut and
sugar industries. Foreign and local firms were
allowed to use large tracks of land for their
business;

Ferdinand E. Marcos (19651986)

Declaration of Martial Law leading to the arrest of
several farmer leaders without due process of law
due to suspension of the Writ of Habias Corpus.
Implementation of the programs were not
included in the provision of PD 27.
Excluding about 3.5 Million landless and tenant
farmers under plantation crops.

Corazon C. Aquino ( 19861982)

Why did Pres. Aquino put AR as cornerstone of
her administration?
She believed that The stewardship of the land that
the landlords were said to have neglected shall
now pass, as the law is implemented, to the tillers.
That stewardship should weigh as heavily on the
many as it did on the few. The same bottom line
applies to them: the wisest use of the land for the
greatest generation of wealth for themselves and
for the entire nation. (Speech during the signing
of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
Bill, June 10, 1988)

Corazon C. Aquino ( 19861982)

What AR legislations and issuances passed
under her administration?
Proclamation 131, instituted the Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) as a major
program of the government. It provided for a
special fund known as the Agrarian Reform Fund
(ARF) in the amount of 50 Billion pesos to cover
the estimated cost of the program for the period
1987-1997.

Corazon C. Aquino ( 19861982)

EO 129-A,
reorganized the Department of
Agrarian Reform and expanded in power and
operations. (The Record and Legacy of the Aquino
Administration in AR: Executive
Summary,
Planning Service, DAR) EO 228, declared full
ownership of the land to qualified farmerbeneficiaries covered by PD 27. It also regulated
(fixed) the value of remaining rice and corn lands
for coverage provided for the
manner of
payment by the farmer-beneficiaries and the
mode of compensation (form of payment) to the
landowners.

Corazon C. Aquino ( 19861982)

EO 229, provided the administrative processes
for land registration or LISTASAKA program,
acquisition of private land and compensation
procedures for landowners. It specified the
structure and functions of units that will
coordinate and supervise the implementation of
the program.
RA 6657 or Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
(CARL), an act instituting a comprehensive
agrarian reform program to promote social justice
and
Industrialization, providing the
mechanism for its implementation and for other
purposes.

Corazon C. Aquino ( 19861982)

Were there measures to speed up CARP
implementation?
To
strengthen
CARP
and
fast
track
its
implementation, President Aquino issued the
following Executive Orders (EO):
E.O. No. 405 , gave the Land Bank of the
Philippines the primary responsibility for the land
valuation function in order for DAR to concentrate its
efforts on the identification of landholdings and
beneficiaries, the distribution of acquired lands, and
the other sub-components of the program.

Corazon C. Aquino ( 19861982)

E.O. No. 406, emphasized that
CARP is central to the governments
efforts to hasten countryside agroindustrial development and directed
the implementing agencies to align
their
respective
programs
and
projects with CARP.
This created CARP implementing
teams from the national to the
municipal levels and gave priority to

Corazon C. Aquino ( 19861982)

E.O. No. 407 - directed all government financing
institutions (GFIs) and government owned and
controlled corporations (GOCCs) to immediately
transfer to DAR all their landholdings suitable for
agriculture.
E.O. No. 448 pursued the policy that
government should lead efforts in placing lands
for coverage under CARP. It directed the
immediate turn-over of government reservations,
no longer needed, that are suitable for
agriculture.

Corazon C. Aquino ( 19861982)

What were the other accomplishments of the
Aquino administration in the implementation
of the agrarian reform program?
Grants and budgetary support from official
development assistance (ODA) circles
Recognition of agrarian reforms as a worthwhile
social investment
Improvement of the status of tenant-tillers

Corazon C. Aquino ( 19861982)

Introduction of the present adjudication system
Program of support services for farmer beneficiaries
to become productive and transform them into
entrepreneurs
Promotion of livelihood and agro-industrial projects
Support and active involvement in program
implementation of key stakeholders

Corazon C. Aquino ( 19861982)

What were some of the challenges faced by
the administration in the implementation of
CARP?
Failure to address the loopholes of CARP
particularly for land valuation, retention limits,
coverage,
exemption/exclusion,
commercial
farming, and stock distribution
Absence of clear guidelines on land use
conversion
Absence of measures to protect the rights of the
tribal communities over their ancestral domain
Major budgetary shortfall of Agrarian Reform Fund
(ARF)

Corazon C. Aquino ( 19861982)

Inability to distribute the prioritized private

agricultural lands
Land valuation controversies
Inter-agency coordination problems
Allegation that EO 229 opened the door for
politicians and landlords to shortcut processes in
CARP implementation
Allegation on misuse of foreign funds intended for
CARP projects
Allegation on lack of political will, leadership and
genuine commitment to implement the program.

Fidel V. Ramos (19921998)

What did he do for CARP?

When President Fidel V. Ramos formally

took over in 1992, his administration came
face to face with publics who have lost
confidence in the agrarian reform program.
His administration committed to the vision
Fairer, faster and more meaningful
implementation of the Agrarian Reform
Program.

Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)

What were his contributions to CARP?
Republic Act No. 7881, 1995 Amended certain
provisions of RA 6657 and exempted fishponds
and prawns from the coverage of CARP.
Republic Act No. 7905, 1995 Strengthened the
implementation of the CARP.
Executive Order No. 363, 1997 Limits the type
of lands that may be converted by setting
conditions under which limits the type of lands
that may be converted by setting conditions
under which specific categories of agricultural
land are either absolutely non-negotiable for
conversion or highly restricted for conversion.

Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)

Republic Act No. 8435, 1997 (Agriculture and
Fisheries Modernization Act AFMA) Plugged the
legal loopholes in land use conversion.
Republic Act 8532, 1998 (Agrarian Reform Fund
Bill) Provided an additional Php50 billion for
CARP and extended its implementation for
another 10 years.

JOSEPH ESTRADA
widened the coverage of the Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) to the landless
peasants in the country side.
Distributed 266,000 hectares of land to175,000
farmers in the start of his career.
EO 151(executive order 151)-

also known as Farmers Trust Fund,

which allows the voluntary consolidation
of small farm operation into medium
and large scale integrated enterprise
that can access long-term capital.

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

landless farmers and farmworkers will receive a
family sized farms and not just compensations
from the owner where they work in
Year 2002:

DAR was able to distribute 111,772

hectares to 75,560 agrarian reform
beneficiaries (ARBs), over 11 percent of
the target of 100,000 hectares set by
President Arroyo during her state-of-thenation address.
January to March 2003, DAR distributed 11,095
hectares, higher than the 10,307 hectares and
10,033 hectares distributed during the same

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

KALAHI Agrarian Reform Zones

which
are
contiguous
agrarian
reform
communities (ARCs) where support services for
ARBs will be given more focus and are
envisioned to become hubs of agro-industrial
development.
Land Tenure Improvement

DAR will remain vigorous in implementing land

acquisition and distribution component of CARP.
The DAR will improve land tenure system
through land distribution and leasehold.

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

CARP not only involves the distribution of lands
but also included package of support services
which includes: credit assistance, extension
services, irrigation facilities, roads and bridges,
marketing facilities and training and technical
support programs.
DAR will transform the agrarian reform
communities (ARCs), an area focused and
integrated delivery of support services, into rural
economic zones that will help in the creation of
job opportunities in the countryside.
To help clear the backlog of agrarian cases, DAR
will hire more paralegal officers to support
undermanned adjudicatory boards and introduce

Benigno Simeon S. Aquino III

The DAR said that:
P10 billion of its total budget for next year
will go to land tenures improvement, which
include landowners compensation;
P7.3 billion to program beneficiaries
development made up of support services in
the form of basic rural infrastructure projects
and skills development program;
P1 billion to agrarian justice delivery.

Benigno Simeon S. Aquino III

The 6,000-hectare Hacienda Luisita sugar
plantation is owned by the Cojuangco family, of
which President Benigno Aquino is the leading
scion. When his mother, Corazon Aquino, assumed
the presidency in the aftermath of the Marcos
dictatorship, she was immediately confronted with
demands from working people for concessions,
including for land for the countrys impoverished
peasantry.

Benigno Simeon S. Aquino III

The Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) and
Presidential Agrarian Reform Council (PARC) have
asked the Supreme Court (SC) to order the
distribution of 4,915.75 hectares of sugarland to
6,296 original farmer-beneficiaries.
-Government wants Luisita distributed to tenants
By Edu Punay(The Philippine Star)

Reasons of some failures in

the Program
The program stopped at the land redistribution
and failed to provide the other companion
measures necessary for success
The farmers are not prepared to take over the
responsibilities given to them because they were
not organized and did not have proper orientation
needed for such undertaking
There was haphazard planning on the part of the
government officials who were initiating the
program

Thank You!
Presented By:
Caloy, Florabelle T.
Badon, Minda Luz L.
Bambo, Kerr Arvin Z.
Evangelio, Mark