The Telephone Circuit

TRANSMISSION
PARAMETERS AND PRIVATELINE CIRCUITS

PARAMETER

A rule or limit that controls what

something should be done.

PRIVATE
For the use of a single person or group.
Not known by the public or by other people.

The Telephone Circuit

Transmission parameters apply to dedicated private

line circuits that utilize the private sector of a public
telephone network.

Private-line Circuits

Are direct connections between two or more locations.

Transmission facilities and other telephone company
provided equipment are hardwired and available only to a
specific subscriber.

The Telephone Circuit

Advantages of using Private-line data circuits over the
switched public telephone network.
Transmission characteristics are more consistent because
the same facilities are used with every transmission.
The facilities are less prone to noise produced in telephone
company switches.
Line conditioning is available only on private-line facilities.
Higher transmission bit rates and better performance is
appreciated with private-line data circuits.
Private-line data are more economical for high-volume
circuits
Transmission Parameters are divided into three broad categories:
bandwidth, interface and facility parameters.

The Telephone Circuit

Bandwidth parameters

Attenuation distortion is the difference in circuit gain

experienced at a particular frequency with respect to the circuit
gain of a reference frequency.
Envelope delay distortion is an indirect method of evaluating the
phase delay characteristics of a circuit delay distortion.

Line conditioning

The process used to improves the basic telephone channel

Improves the high frequency response of a message channel
and reduces power loss.
Is available only to private-line subscriber at an additional
charge.
Basic voice-band channel sometimes called (basic 3002 channel)
satisfies the minimum line conditioning requirement.

The Telephone Circuit

Two types of special line conditioning
C-type
D-type

C-type line conditioning

Specifies the maximum limits for attenuation distortion and envelope
delay distortion.
Pertains to line impairments for which compensation can be made
with filters and equalizers.
Five classification of C-type
C1 and C2 conditioning pertain to two points and multi point circuits.
C3 conditioning is for access lines and trunk circuits associated with
private switched networks.
C4 conditioning pertains ton two points and multipoint circuits with a
maximum of four stations.
C5 conditioning pertains only two-point circuits.

The Telephone Circuit

A PBX (Private branch exchange)- is a relatively lowcapacity switching machine where the subscribers are
generally limited to stations within the same building or
building complex.
The higher the classification of conditioning imposed on a
circuit, the flatter the frequency response and, therefore, a
better quality circuit.
Attenuation distortion is simply the frequency response of a
transmission medium referenced to a 1004-Hz test tone.
A linear phase-versus-frequency relationship is a requirement
for error free data transmission.
Envelope delay is an alternate method for this relationship.

Propagation time
The time delay encountered by a signal as it propagates
from a source to a destination.
Phase Delay
The delay measured in angular units, such as degrees or
radians,
Absolute phase delay
Is the actual time required for a particular frequency to
propagate form a source to a destination through a
communications channel.
Envelope delay is the first derivative (slope) of phase with
respect to frequency

Envelope delay
Is the time required to propagate a change in an AM
envelope(the actual information-bearing part of the signal )
through the transmission meduim.
Amplitude-modulated rate is typically between 25 Hz and 100
Hz
Envelope delay distortion(EDD)
The phase difference at the different carriers frequencies.
Reference frequency of a typical voice-band circuit is typically
around 1800 Hz.
Measurements are typically given in microseconds and yield
only positive values.
Limit of a basic telephone channel is 1750 us between 800 Hz
and 2600 Hz.

The Telephone Circuit

D-type line condition

Neither reduces the noise on a circuit nor improves the

signal-to-noise ratio.
Its simply sets the minimum requirements for signal to
noise (S/N) ratio and nonlinear distortion.
Is simply a requirement and does not meet add anything to
the circuit, and it cannot be used to improved the circuit.
It simply places higher requirements on circuits used for
high- speed data transmission.
Referred to as high-performance conditioning.

The Telephone Circuit

2 categories for D-type conditioning

D1-conditioning specifies requirements for two-point

circuits
D2-conditioning specifies requirements for multiple circuits

D-type conditioning is mandatory when the data transmission rate is

9600 bps because without D-type conditioning.
D-type conditioned circuits must meet the following specification.
Signal-to-C-notched noise ratio: >28dB
Nonlinear distortion
Signal-to-second order distortion: >35dB
Signal-to-third order distortion: >40dB

The Telephone Circuit

Nonlinear distortion
Is an example of correlated noise and is produced from
nonlinear amplification.
The noise caused by nonlinear distortion is in the form of
additional frequencies produced from nonlinear
amplification of a signal. no signal, no noise.
2 classification of nonlinear distortion

Harmonic distortion

Intermodulation distortion
Harmonic distortion

Is measured by applying a single frequency test tone to a

telephone channel.

The Telephone Circuit

Harmonic distortion test use a single-frequency (704Hz)
Harmonic and intermodulation distortion tests do not direstly
determine the amount of interference caused by nonlinear
circuit gain. They serve as a figure of merit only when
evaluating circuit parameters.

Interface Parameters
2 primary considerations
Electrical protection of the telephone network and its
personnel
Stardardization of design arrangements
the interface parameters include the following:
Station equipment impedances should be 600 ohms
resistive over the usable voice band.

The Telephone Circuit

Station equipment should be isolated from ground by a

minimum of 20 M ohm dc and 50 k ohm ac.
The basic voice-grade telephone circuit is a 3002 channel; it
has an ideal bandwidth of 300 Hz to 3000 Hz.
The circuit gain at 3000 Hz is 3 dB below the specified inband signal power.
The gain at 4 kHz must be at least 15 dB below the gain at 3
kHz.
The maximum transmitted signal power for a private-line
circuit is 0dBm.
The transmitted signal power for dial-up circuits using the
public switched telephone network is established for each
loop so that the signal is receive at the telephone central
office at -12dBm.

Facility parameters
Represents potential impairments to a data signal.
Its include 1004-Hz variation, C-message noise, impulse
noise, gain hits and dropouts, phase hits, phase jitter,
single frequency interference, frequency shift, phase
intercept distortion, and peak to average ratio.
1004-Hz variation
It is the standard test-tone frequency
The purpose of this is to simulate the combined signal
power of a standard voice-band data transmission.
Its gain loss for a private-line data circuit is 16dB.
It should be received at the output of the circuit at -16dBm.

The Telephone Circuit

C-message noise
Its measurements determine the average weighted rms noise
power.
Thermal noise- unwanted electrical signals are produced from the random
movement of electrons in conductors. Its also called random noise. Its
sometimes referred to as white noise.
C-message filter placed between the circuit and power meter in the noise
measuring set so that the noise measurement evaluates the noise with a
response similar to that of a human listening to the noise through a
standard telephone set speaker.
C-notched noise
Its holding tone usually 1004 Hz or 2804 Hz.
The holding ensures that the circuit operation simulates a loaded voice
or data transmission.
Loaded-is a communications term that indicates the presence of a signal
power comparable to the power of an actual message transmission.

The Telephone Circuit

Impulse noise
Its characterized by high-amplitude peaks of short having an
approximately flat frequency spectrum.
Sources of impulse noise
Some are controllable, some are not
Man made
Impulse hit counters-are designed to register a maximum of seven
counts per second.
This leaves a 143-ms lapse called a dead time between counts
when additional impulse hits are not registered.
Studied have shown that expected error rates in the absence of
other impairments are approximately proportional to the number
of impulse hits that exceed the rms signal power level by
approximately 2 dB.

Gains hits and dropouts .

Gain hits
Its a sudden, random change in the gain of a circuit
resulting in a temporary change in the signal level.
Dropout
Its a decrease in circuit gain of more than 12 dB lasting
longer than 4 ms.

The Telephone Circuit

Phase hits(slips)

Are sudden, random changes in the phase of a signal.

Ii will not been recorded unless they exceed +20C* peak.
Like gain hits, are caused by transients produced when
transmission facilities are switched.

Phase jitter

Its a form of incidental phase modulation-a continuous, un

controlled variation in the in the zero crossings of a signal.
Its occurs at a 300-Hz rate or lower.
The maximum acceptable end-to-end phase jitter is 10*
peak to peak regardless of how many transmission facilities
or telephone offices are used in the cicuit.

The Telephone Circuit

Single-frequency interference.

It is the presence of one or more continuous, unwanted

tones within a message channel.
Spurious tones- unwanted tones

Frequency shift

Its when the frequency of a signal changes during

transmission.
The frequency must be reproduced exactly in the receiver.

The Telephone Circuit

Phase Intercept distortion.

Its occurs in coherent SSBSC system, such as those using

frequency division multiplexing when the received carrier
is not reinserted with the exact phase relationship to the
received signal as transmit carrier possessed.

Peak-to-average ratio (PAR)tests.

A signal containing a series of distinctly shaped pulses with

a high peak voltage-to-voltage ratio is transmitted.

VOICE FREQUENCY CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS

Electronic communications circuits can be

configured in several ways. Telephone
instruments and the voice frequency facilities to
which they are connected may be either two-wire
or four wire. Two wire circuits have an obvious
economic advantage, as they use only half as
much copper wire. This is why most local
subscriber loops connected to the public
switched telephone network are two-wire.
However, most private-line data circuits are
configured four wire.

TWO-WIRE VOICE FREQUENCY

CIRCUIT:

Two-wire transmission involves two wires (one for the signal

and one for a reference or ground) or a circuit configuration
that is equivalent to using only two wires. Ideally suites to
as simplex transmission, although they are often used for
half and full duplex.
Figure 9-19 (shows the block diagrams for four possible twowire circuit configurations)
Figure 9-19a (shows the simplest two -wire configuration),
which is a passive circuit consisting of two copper wires
connecting a telephone or voice-band modem at one station
through a telephone company interface to a telephone or
voice-band modem at the destination station. The modem,
telephone and circuit configuration are capable of two way
transmission in either the half or the full duplex mode.

TWO-WIRE VOICE FREQUENCY

CIRCUIT:

TWO-WIRE VOICE FREQUENCY CIRCUIT:

Figure 9-19b (shows an active two-wire

transmission system), (one that provides
gain).

TWO-WIRE VOICE
FREQUENCY CIRCUIT:
The only difference between this circuit and the one shown
in Figure 9-19a is the addition of an amplifier to
compensate for transmission lines losses. The amplifier is
unidirectional and thus limits transmission to one direction
only simplex).
Figure 9-19c (shows a two-wire circuit using a digital T
carrier for the transmission medium). This circuit requires a
T carrier transmitter at one end and T carrier receiver at
the other end. The digital t carrier transmission line is
capable of two-way transmission; however, the transmitter
and receiver in the T carrier are not. The transmitter
encodes the analog voice or modem signals into a PCM
code, and the decoder in the receiver performs the
opposite operation, converting PCM codes back to analog.
The digital transmission medium is a pair of copper wire.

TWO-WIRE VOICE FREQUENCY

CIRCUIT:

TWO-WIRE VOICE FREQUENCY CIRCUIT:

TheT-carrieris a member of the series ofcarrier systemsdeveloped

by AT&TBell Laboratoriesfordigital transmissionof
multiplexedtelephone calls. The first version, the Transmission
System 1 (T-1), was introduced in 1962 in theBell System, and could
transmit up to 24 telephone calls simultaneously over a single
transmission line of copper wire. Subsequent specifications carried
multiples of the basic T1 (1.544 Mbit/s) data rates, such as T2 (6.312
Mbit/s) with 96 channels, T3 (44.736 Mbit/s) with 672 channels, and
others.

Left: A66 block; center and right:

Cabinets
containingSmartjacknetwork
interface devicesfor T-1 circuits

TWO-WIRE VOICE FREQUENCY CIRCUIT:

T-1 is a hardwarespecificationfor
telecommunicationstrunking.
Atrunk is a
singletransmissionchannelbetween two points
on the network: each point is either aswitching
centeror anode(such as atelephone).
Initially, T-1 trunks were used only to connect
majortelephone exchanges, via the
sametwisted paircopper wirethat the analog
trunks used. If the exchanges were too far
apart, arepeaterboosted the signal.

TWO-WIRE VOICE FREQUENCY CIRCUIT:

telephone exchangeis atelecommunicationssystem used in
thepublic switched telephone networkor in large enterprises. An
exchange consists of electronic components and in older systems
also human operators that interconnect (switch) telephone
subscriber lines or virtual circuits of digital systems to
establishtelephone callsbetween subscribers.
Twisted paircabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a
singlecircuit are twisted together for the purposes of canceling
outelectromagnetic interference(EMI) from external sources; for
instance,electromagnetic radiationfrom unshielded twisted pair
(UTP) cables, andcrosstalkbetween neighboring pairs. It was
invented byAlexander Graham Bell.
Copperhas been used inelectric wiringsince the invention of
theelectromagnet and thetelegraphin the 1820s.The invention of
thetelephonein 1876 created further demand for copper wire as an
electrical conductor

TWO-WIRE VOICE FREQUENCY CIRCUIT:

Copper is theelectrical conductorin many categories of

electrical wiring. Copper wire is used inpower
generation,power transmission,power
distribution,telecommunications,electronicscircuitry, and
countless types ofelectrical equipment.
repeateris an electronic device that receives asignaland
retransmits it. Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so
that the signal can cover longer distances or be received on
the other side of an obstruction.
There are several different types of repeaters; atelephone
repeateris an amplifierin atelephone line, anoptical
repeateris anoptoelectroniccircuit that amplifies the light
beam in anoptical fiber cable; and aradio repeateris aradio
receiverandtransmitterthat retransmits a radio signal.

TWO-WIRE VOICE FREQUENCY CIRCUIT:

A radio repeater retransmits a

radio signal.

TWO-WIRE VOICE FREQUENCY CIRCUIT:

Figures 9_19 a,b and c are example of physical two-wire circuits, as
the two stations are physically interconnected with a two-wire
metallic transmission line. (Figure 9-19d shows an equivalent twowire circuit. The transmission medium is Earths atmosphere, and
there are no wires between the two stations. Although Earths
atmosphere is capable of two-way simultaneous transmission, the
radio transmitter and receiver are not. Therefore, this is considered
an equivalent two-wire circuit.
transmission lineis a specialized cable or other structure designed
to carryalternating currentofradio frequency, that is, currents with
afrequencyhigh enough that theirwavenature must be taken into
account. Transmission lines are used for purposes such as
connectingradio transmittersandreceiverswith theirantennas,
distributingcable televisionsignals,trunklinesrouting calls between
telephone switching centres, computer network connections and
high speed computerdata buses.

Four-Wire VoiceFrequency Circuits

Four-wire transmission involves four

wires or a circuit configuration that is
equivalent to using four wires.
Two forms of four-wire transmission:
physical four wire and equivalent four
wire.

Two Wire Vs. Four Wire

Advantages

of four wire circuits over two wire circuits

Less noise
More isolation
Less crosstalk
Advantages of two wire circuits over four wire circuits
Less wire
Less circuitry

Providing amplification is another disadvantage of

four-wire operation

But a bidirectional amplifier on a two-wire circuit is

not practical

Hybrids, Echo Suppressors

and Echo Cancelers
When a two-wire circuit to a four-wire circuit, as in a
long-distance telephone call, an interface circuit called
a hybrid or terminating
Hybrid set is used to match impedances and to provide
isolation
The hybrid circuit used to convert two-wire circuits to
four-wire circuits

Signals received from the four-wire side of the hybrid

propagate through the receiver in the east-to-west (EW) section of the four-wire circuit, where they are
applied to the center taps of the hybrid coils.
If the impedances of the two-wire line and the
balancing network are properly matched, all currents
produced in the upper half of the hybrid by the E-W
signals will be equal in magnitude but opposite in
polarity

If the conversation is changing direction, rapidly the

people listening may be able to hear the echo
suppressors turning on and off
If both parties talk at the same time, neither person is
heard by the other. With an echo suppressor in the
circuit, transmissions cannot occur in both directions at
the same time, thus limiting the circuit to half-duplex
operation

Crosstalk

Disturbace created in a comuunications

channel by signals in other communication
channels.

Types of Crosstalk
Transmittance Crosstalk
This is the most accepted when filters do not
adequately reject undesired products from other
channels.
Coupling Crosstalk
Electromagnetic coupling between two or more
physically isolated transmission media.
Nonlinear Crosstalk
Direct result of nonlinear amplification on
analog communication systems.

Unit of Measurement
dBx = 90 (crosstalk loss in decibels)
Ex.
The magnitude of crosstalk on a circuit is 70
dB lower than the power of the signal on the
same circuit.
Solution:
dBx = 90 dB 70 dBx.
dBx = 20 dBx