Section 2.

Classification
and
Diagnosis of Diabetes

1. Type 1 diabetes (due to b-cell destruction, usually

leading to absolute insulin deficiency)
2. Type 2 diabetes (due to a progressive insulin secretory
defect on the background of insulin resistance)
3. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (diabetes
diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy
that is not clearly overt diabetes)
4. Specific types of diabetes due to other causes, e.g.,
monogenic diabetes syndromes (such as neonatal diabetes
and maturity-onset diabetes of the young [MODY]),
diseases of the exocrine pancreas (such as cystic fibrosis),
and drug- or chemical-induced diabetes (such as in the
treatment of HIV/AIDS or after organ transplantation)

Diagnostic criteria

HbA1c% limitations
1. Age: no used in children and adolescent
2. Race: African American have higher A1c than white
Hispanic
3. Haemoglobinopathies/anaemia
-. For patients with an abnormal hemoglobin but normal red
cell turnover, such as those with the sickle cell trait, an
A1C assay without interference from abnormal
hemoglobins should be used.
-. In conditions associated with increased red cell turnover,
such as pregnancy (second and third trimesters), recent
blood loss or transfusion, erythropoietin therapy, or
hemolysis, only blood glucose criteria should be used to
diagnose diabetes

Fasting and 2-Hour Plasma

Glucose
One reading of random plasma
glucose>200 mg/dL(11.1 mmol/l) +
hyperglycemic crisis or with classic
symptoms of hyperglycemia is
enough for dX of DM
Two reading of FBS or 2Hr plasma
glucose taken immediately is
diagnostic for DM if abnormal :

 For example, if the A1C is 7.0% and a

repeat result is 6.8%, the diagnosis
of diabetes is confirmed.
If two different tests (such as A1C
and FPG) are both above the
diagnostic threshold, this also
confirms the diagnosis.

 if a patient has discordant results from

two different tests, then the test result
that is above the diagnostic cut point
should be repeated. The diagnosis is
made on the basis of the confirmed test.
For example, if a patient meets the
diabetes criterion of the A1C (two results
>6.5%), but not FPG (,126 mg/dL [7.0
mmol/L]), that person should nevertheless
be considered to have diabetes

 The BMI cut point for screening

overweight or obese Asian Americans
for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes
was changed to 23 kg/m2 (vs. 25
kg/m2) to reflect the evidence that
this population is at an increased risk
for diabetes at lower BMI levels
relative to the general population

Section 4. Foundations of Care:

Education, Nutrition, Physical
Activity,
Smoking Cessation, Psychosocial
Care,
and Immunization

 e-cigarettes are not supported as an

alternative to smoking or to facilitate
smoking cessation.
PCV13 and PPSV23 vaccinations in
older adults

Section 6.
Glycemic
Targets

 The ADA now recommends a premeal

blood glucose target of 80130
mg/dL, rather than 70130 mg/dL, to
better reflect new data comparing
actual average glucose levels with
A1C targets

 Section 8.
Cardiovascular
Disease and Risk
Management

 The recommended goal for diastolic

blood pressure was changed from 80
mmHg to 90 mmHg for most people
with diabetes and hypertension to
better reflect evidence from
randomized clinical trials.
Lower diastolic targets may still be
appropriate for certain individuals.

 a screening lipid profile is reasonable

at diabetes diagnosis, at an initial
medical evaluation and/or at age 40
years, and periodically thereafter.
Treatment initiation (and initial statin
dose) is now driven primarily by risk
status rather than LDL cholesterol
level

Section 9.
Microvascular
Complications and
Foot Care

 To better target those at high risk

forfoot complications, the Standards
emphasize that all patients with
insensate feet, foot deformities, or a
history of foot ulcers have their feet
examined at every visit.

 Section 11.
Children and
Adolescents

 To reflect new evidence regarding the

risks and benefits of tight glycemic
control in children and adolescents
with diabetes, the Standards now
recommend a target A1C of ,7.5% for
all pediatric age-groups; however,
individualization is still encouraged

 Section 12.
Management of
Diabetes in
Pregnancy

 This new section was added to the

Standards to provide
recommendations related to
pregnancy and diabetes, including
recommendations regarding
preconception counseling,
medications, blood glucose targets,
and monitoring

ADA evidence-grading system for

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes

A
Clear evidence from well-conducted, generalizable randomized
controlled trials that are adequately powered, including
- Evidence from a well-conducted multicenter trial
- Evidence from a meta-analysis that incorporated quality ratings
in the analysis
Compelling nonexperimental evidence; i.e., all or none rule
developed by the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine at the
University of Oxford Supportive evidence from well-conducted
randomized controlled trials that are adequately powered,
including
- Evidence from a well-conducted trial at one or more institutions
- Evidence from a meta-analysis that incorporated quality ratings
in the
analysis

B
Supportive evidence from wellconducted cohort studies
- Evidence from a well-conducted
prospective cohort study or registry
- Evidence from a well-conducted
meta-analysis of cohort studies
Supportive evidence from a wellconducted case-control study

C
Supportive evidence from poorly controlled or
uncontrolled studies
- Evidence from randomized clinical trials with one
or more major or three or more minor
methodological flaws that could invalidate the results
- Evidence from observational studies with high
potential for bias (such as case series with
comparison with historical controls)
- Evidence from case series or case reports
Conflicting evidence with the weight of evidence
supporting the recommendation

E
Expert consensus or clinical
experience

Diabetes Across the Life

Span
An increasing proportion of patients with
type 1 diabetes are adults. Conversely,
and for less salutary reasons, the
incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing
in children and young adults. Finally,
patients both with type 1 diabetes and
with type 2 diabetes are living well into
older age, a stage of life for which there
is little evidence from clinical trials to
guide therapy