Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Weneedtomakeasupernetworkoutof16classCblocks.Whatis
thesupernetmask?
Solution
Weneed16blocks.For16blocksweneedtochangefour1sto0sinthedefault
mask.Sothemaskis
11111111111111111111000000000000
or
255.255.240.0
Weapplythesupernetmasktoseeifwecanfindthebeginningaddress.
205.16.37.44AND255.255.248.0 205.16.32.0
205.16.42.56AND255.255.248.0
205.16.40.0
205.17.33.76AND255.255.248.0
205.17.32.0
Onlythefirstaddressbelongstothissupernet.
Asupernethasafirstaddressof205.16.32.0andasupernetmask
of255.255.248.0.Howmanyblocksareinthissupernetandwhat
istherangeofaddresses?
Solution
The supernet has 21 1s. The default mask has 24 1s. Since the
differenceis3,thereare23or8blocksinthissupernet.Theblocks
are205.16.32.0to205.16.39.0.Thefirstaddressis205.16.32.0.The
lastaddressis205.16.39.255.
Classless Addressing
NumberofAddressesinaBlock
Thereisonlyoneconditiononthenumberofaddressesinablock;it
mustbeapowerof2(2,4,8,...).Ahouseholdmaybegivenablock
of2addresses.Asmallbusinessmaybegiven16addresses.Alarge
organizationmaybegiven1024addresses.
BeginningAddress
Thebeginningaddressmustbeevenlydivisiblebythenumberofaddresses.
Forexample,ifablockcontains4addresses,thebeginningaddressmustbe
divisibleby4.Iftheblockhaslessthan256addresses,weneedtocheckonly
therightmostbyte.Ifithaslessthan65,536addresses,weneedtocheckonly
thetworightmostbytes,andsoon.
Solution
The address 205.16.37.32 is eligible because 32 is divisible by 16.
Theaddress17.17.33.80iseligiblebecause80isdivisibleby16.
Solution
Tobedivisibleby1024,therightmostbyteofanaddressshouldbe
0 and the second rightmost byte must be divisible by 4. Only the
address17.17.32.0meetsthiscondition.
Solution
Thebeginningaddressis205.16.37.24.Tofindthelastaddresswe
keepthefirst29bitsandchangethelast3bitsto1s.
Beginning:11001111000100000010010100011000(24)
Ending:11001111000100000010010100011111(33)
Thereareonly8addressesinthisblock.
Solution
Theprefixlengthis27,whichmeansthatwemustkeepthefirst27
bitsasisandchangetheremainingbits(5)to0s.The5bitsaffect
only the last byte. The last byte is 01010010. Changing the last 5
bits to 0s, we get 01000000 or 64. The network address is
167.199.170.64/27.
Subnetting
An organization is granted the block 130.34.12.64/26. The
organization needs to have four subnets. What are the subnet
addressesandtherangeofaddressesforeachsubnet?
Solution
Thesuffixlengthis6.Thismeansthetotalnumberofaddressesin
theblockis64(26).Ifwecreatefoursubnets,eachsubnetwillhave
16addresses.
Let us first find the subnet prefix (subnet mask). We need four subnets,
whichmeansweneedtoaddtwomore1stothesiteprefix.Thesubnet
prefixisthen/28.
Subnet1:130.34.12.64/28to130.34.12.79/28.
Subnet2:130.34.12.80/28to130.34.12.95/28.
Subnet3:130.34.12.96/28to130.34.12.111/28.
Subnet4:130.34.12.112/28to130.34.12.127/28 .
Example
An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with 190.100.0.0/16. The ISP
needs to distribute these addresses to three groups of customers as follows:
1.Thefirstgrouphas64customers;eachneeds256addresses.
2.Thesecondgrouphas128customers;eachneeds128addresses.
3. The third group has 128 customers; each needs 64 addresses.
Design the subblocks and give the slash notation for each subblock. Find out
howmanyaddressesarestillavailableaftertheseallocations.
Configurationforroutingexample
Mask
Dest.
NextHop
I.
255.0.0.0
111.0.0.0
m0
255.255.255.224
193.14.5.160
255.255.255.224
193.14.5.192
m2
m1
255.255.255.255
194.17.21.16
111.20.18.14
m0
255.255.255.0
192.16.7.0
111.15.17.32
m0
255.255.255.0
194.17.21.0
111.20.18.14
m0
0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0
111.30.31.18
m0
Classless lookup
Searching by mask length
Iterate over all possible divisions between prefix and suffix
Given a destination address D:
Algorithm tries using 32 bits of D, then 31 and so on
For each possible size M, the router extracts M bits from D, assumes
it contains a network prefix and looks up the prefix in the table
Unique Prefix
001
0100
0101
011
1010
10110
10111
1
0
0
1