pregnancy. The mothers uterus, breasts, placenta, blood volume, body fluids, and fat must all increase to accommodate the infants developing needs
Average weight gain is 25-35 lbs. for normal woman
A pregnant teen who is still developing will gain more
weight than a mature woman, whereas an obese women is likely to gain less but no less than 15 lbs.
NUTRITIONAL NEEDS DURING
PREGNANCY
Protein requirement is increase by 20-25% (iron, zinc, copper,
and B vitamins)
No need for increased Vitamin A, excessive intake can cause
birth defects
All water soluble vitamins (D, E, K, and C) should be
increased
Minerals such as calcium iron, zinc, iodine, and selenium are
are essential for functions such as development of the infants bones and teeth as well as blood clotting and muscle action
Drinking additional milk each day is a good way of providing
these nutrients
Vitamin/ iron supplements may be prescribed by an
obstetrician, nurse, midwife, or physicians assistant (PA)
CONCERNS DURING PREGNANCY
Nausea- occurs during the first trimester, also known as
morning sickness, but not necessarily felt just in the mornings
Hyperemesis Gravidarum- rare condition that nausea becomes
so sever it is life threatening
Constipation- can be relieved by eating high-fiber foods, daily
exercise, and/or drinking 8 glasses of water each day
Heartburn- common, seeing as the growing fetus pushes on
the mothers stomach, which may cause stomach acid to move into lower esophagus
Weight Gain
CONCERNS CONTD.
Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH)- also known as toxemia
or preeclampsia. A condition that occurs in the third trimester and is characterized by high blood pressure, the precise of albumin in urine, and edema. The causes are unknown but occur more frequently to pregnant women with inadequate diets
Pica- craving of nonfood substances such as starch, clay (soil),
or ice. Although both men and women are infected with pica, its more common with pregnant woman. Some believe it relieves nausea but this should be discourages because it can cause colon blockage and create nutritional deficiencies
Anemia-condition caused by insufficient red blood cells,
hemoglobin, or blood volume. Patient doesnt receive enough oxygen from blood, feeling weak/tired, poor appetite, and appears pale.
CONCERNS CONTD.
Alcohol, Caffeine, Drugs, and Tobacco
Alcohol Consumption can lead to FAS (Fetal alcohol syndrome), which can cause infants to be premature, have a low birth weight, physical characteristics, as well as other central nervous system dysfunction Caffeine is known to cross placenta and enter fetal blood stream Drugs vary in their effects but can cause fetal malformations and spontaneous absorptions, possibly even HIV Tobacco smoking is associated with babies of reduced birth weight because smoking reduces the oxygen/nutrients carried by the blood.
DIET FOR PREGNANT WOMEN
WITH DIABETES
Diet should remain about the same as normal pregnant
women
Should maintain their blood glucose at a steady level
between meals
Either type of diabetes increase the risk of physical or
mental diabetes
PREGNANCY DURING ADOLESCENCE
This as become an increasing concern
Nutritional, physical, psycholigol, social, and economic demands
are tremendous leaving young mothers responsible for helpless newborns
Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to PIH (Pregnancy Induced
Hypertension) and premature delivery
Inadequate nutrition of a mother is related to both mental and
physical birth defects
Pregnant teen need much counseling and emotional support
before nutritional improvements can be suggested
LACTATION
It is the production and secretion of breast milk for the
purpose of nourishing an infant, that is facilitated by an interlay do various hormones after delivery of an infant
Will take 2-3 weeks to establish a feeding routine
Supply-and-demand mechanism, mother will produce when
infant wants
Approximately 85 kcal is required to produce 100 Ml of milk
(3 1/3 oz.)
Extra nutrients are required such as fruits, vegetables, and
vitamins and an extra 640 kcal a day
BENEFITS OF BREASTFEEDING
Breast milk contains the right amount of lactose, water, fatty
acids, and amino acids for brain development, growth, and digestion
Breast fed babies have incidences of ear infections, diarrhea,
allergies, ad hospital admissions
Receive antibodies to diseases such as pneumonia, bronchitis,
influenza, German measles, botulism, and staphylococcal infections
Sucking at the breast promotes good jaw development/ exercise
Nursing may have psychological benefits for the infant by
creating an early emotional attachment between mother and child