Mobile Networks: IP Addressing and Mobile IP

Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems
Lecture 9
Mobile Networks:
IP Addressing and Mobile IP
Lecture Objectives
Present the basic principles of addressing in IP
networks
Describe the problem of mobility with IP and
consider alternative solutions
Describe the operation of Mobile IP
Mobile Networks: IP Addressing and Mobile IP
Agenda
IP addressing
Node mobility and IP
Mobile IP
Foreign agent discovery
Home agent registration
Packet delivery through tunneling
Route optimization
IP Addressing
IPv4 addresses
Uniquely identify an interface
32 bits long
Consist of a network identifier and a host identifier
31
Network Identifier
Host Identifier
Routing outside of the destination hosts subnet is
usually based on the network identifier, while the

host identifier is only used within the destinations
subnet
IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses
Five Classes of IP Addresses

IP addressing was originally based on five classes of
addresses
A router can interpret the network and host fields by
examining the first few bits of the IP address
Class A
01234
0 netid
16
24
31
Class B
10
Class C
110
netid
Class D
1110
multicast address
Class E
1111
reserved for future use
hostid
netid
hostid
hostid
CIDR
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) was
introduced to remedy problems with the rigid classes

of IP addresses
Defined in RFCs 1517-1520
Allows a flexible definition of the boundary between
the network identifier and the host identifier

Example
IP address:
10.1.9.52
Subnet mask: 255.255.252.0 (22-bit network identifier)
Network:
10.1.8.0/22
Packets with address in the range 10.1.8.0-10.1.11.255 will be
routed to network 10.1.8.0/22 based on the first 22 bits
A Problem With IP Addressing

An IP address serves two different functions
The name for an interface (host) and
The location (subnet) of the interface (host) in the network
The IP address is the only name carried in an IP
datagram
DNS can be used to map one or more symbolic names to
one or more IP addresses, but a symbolic name is not

carried in the datagram and has no meaning once the DNS
lookup is completed
The network identifier in the IP address is used by
routers to deliver to the destination subnet

The IP address is associated with the location or subnet of
the destination host
IP Routing
Router uses routing table to direct packets to the
appropriate interface
Target
2.0.0.0/24
3.0.0.0/24
4.0.0.0/24
Interface
a
b
c
3.0.0.2
3.0.0.3
4.0.0.5
4.0.0.6
3.0.0.4
b
a
Dest = 3.0.0.4
Router
Traditional Routing for a Mobile Host

Host moving to another network is unreachable
Target
2.0.0.0/24
3.0.0.0/24
4.0.0.0/24
Interface
a
b
c
3.0.0.2
3.0.0.3
a
Dest = 3.0.0.4
Router
3.0.0.4
Mobile
Host
4.0.0.5
4.0.0.6
3.0.0.4
9
Definitions
Home link Link assigned the same network prefix
as the prefix of the hosts IP address

For example, link 3.0.0.0/24
Foreign link Any link where the network prefix
differs from the prefix of the hosts IP address

For example, link 4.0.0.0/24
Mobility The ability of a host to change its
attachment from one link to another while

maintaining communications and not changing its IP
address (transparently to corresponding host)
Host can change from home link to foreign link (or foreign
link to another foreign link) without a change in IP address

and without a disruption in communication
10
Solutions for Mobile Hosts (1)

Host-specific routing
Add routes for the mobile host to routing tables at routers
Solution is not scaleable since updates and unique entries
would be needed for every mobile host
Change IP address
Mobile host can change its address to the foreign links
network prefix
Need to register new IP address with DNS (if it is to maintain
identity), resulting in added load on the DNS server and
network
Communications, e.g., TCP connections, would be disrupted
Changing host IP address does not enable mobility, but it
does enable nomadicity
11
Solutions for Mobile Hosts (2)

Source routing
Use loose source routing to specify a path to the foreign link
(router interface) and then to the mobile nodes interface
Source host must determine address of foreign link, which
is not a standard function for a host
Use link level (Layer 2) mobility
Some Layer 2 protocols support mobility (e.g., between
access points in IEEE 802.11 infrastructure networks)
Requires that the mobile host not leave the local IP subnet
Mobile IP
Extension to IP routing to support mobile nodes in a
scaleable and secure manner
12
Mobile IP
Mobile IP allows a host to move to a foreign network,
but still maintain its home IP address

References
C. E. Perkins, editor, IP Mobility Support for IPv4, RFC 3344,
August 2002.
C. E. Perkins, Mobile IP: Design Principles and Practices,
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1998.
J. D. Solomon, The Internet Unplugged, Prentice Hall PTR,
Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1998.
IETF Working Groups
Mobility for IPv4:
http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/mip4-charter.html
Mobility for IPv6:
http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/mip6-charter.html
13
Mobile IP Addressing
Really need two addresses
One address for locating (routing to) the host
Another address for identifying (naming) a communications
end-point
Standard IP uses one address for both functions
Addresses in Mobile IP
Home address Known IP address for the host
Home network (home link) Destination network associated
with the home address
Foreign network (foreign link) Network associated with the
visited or foreign link
Care-of address IP address on the foreign link used to
locate the host
14
Mobile IP Overview: Data Flow

Home
Agent
10.92.2.3
Correspondent
Node (Host)
10.0.8.5
10.0.8.5
10.92.2.3
10.4.5.43
10.0.8.0/24
10.4.5.0/24
Foreign
10.4.5.43
Agent
10.0.8.5
Mobile
10.0.8.5
Host
15
Mobile IP Elements
Mobile Host (MH) Host that changes its attachment
point from one network or subnetwork to another

Home Agent (HA) Specialized router on mobile
nodes home network that tunnels datagrams for
delivery to the mobile host and maintains current
location information for the mobile node
Foreign Agent (FA) Specialized router on foreign
network that provides routing services to the mobile
host while registered and may serve as default router
for registered mobile hosts
Correspondent Node (CN) Communicates with
mobile host
16
Mobile IP Operation (1)

Mobile (foreign and home) agents advertise their
availability using agent-advertisement messages

Mobile host may optionally solicit an agent-advertisement
message
Mobile host receives agent-advertisement message
and decides if it is on a foreign or home network

If the mobile node is returning to its home network, it
deregisters with its home agent
If the mobile host is on a foreign network, it obtains a
care-of address on the foreign network
Foreign agent care-of address
Colocated care-of address
17

Mobile host registers new care-of address with home
agent, possibly via a foreign agent

Registration request
Registration reply
Home agent intercepts datagrams sent to the mobile
nodes home address and tunnels datagrams to the

registered care-of address
Tunneled datagram received
At foreign agent and delivered to mobile node, or
Directly at the mobile node (colocated)
Mobile host can usually send datagrams directly
back to the correspondent node

18

Datagrams sent by the mobile node are delivered
directly to the destination

No need to pass through the home agent
19
Mobile IP Details (1)

Agent discovery 1
ICMP router discovery
Mobility agent discovery operation
Agent advertisement and solicitation messages
Registration 2
Registration operation
Authentication
Registration request and reply messages
Security
Example
20
Mobile IP Details (2)

Datagram delivery 3
Encapsulation principles and schemes
ARP issues
21
Agent Discovery
Process by which a mobile host

Determines if it is connected to its home network or to a
foreign network
Determines when it has moved from one network to another
Learns the care-of address provided by a foreign agent
Based on extensions to Internet Control Message
Protocol (ICMP) router discovery mechanism

Router advertisement message
Router solicitation message
Mobile IP assumes link level connectivity is
established by some other means, e.g., association

in IEEE 802.11b
22
Router Discovery Operation
Router discovery message is multicast by routers to
hosts on the subnet

Normally, the all-systems multicast address (224.0.0.1) is the
IP destination address with IP Time-To-Live (TTL) of 1

Can be unicast directly to a host that sent a router
solicitation message
Systems on the subnet receive the discovery
message and process
23
Router Discovery Message (1)
ICMP
Header
IP Header
ICMP
Message
ICMP Message
8
16
24
31
type
code
checksum
num addrs addr entr sz
lifetime
router address (1)
preference (1)
..
.
24
Type: Type of ICMP message (9)

Code: Used by some types to indicate a specific
condition (0)
Checksum: Checksum over full message
Num addrs: Number of addresses advertised in this
message
Addr entry size: The number of 32-bit words of
information for each router address (two words here)
Lifetime: Maximum number of seconds that the
addresses may be considered valid
25
Router address (i), i=1num addrs: Sending routers
IP address on the interface from which this message

is sent
Preference level (i), i=1num addrs: Preference of
this router address relative to other routers on this
subnet (higher values are more preferable)
26
Router Solicitation Operation
Host can send router solicitation message for
immediate information
Solicitation message can be broadcast or multicast
Broadcast to the limited-broadcast address
(255.255.255.255)
Multicast to the all-routers multicast address (224.0.0.2) with
TTL = 1
Routers reply with a router advertisement

Unicast to the host sending the solicitation
Host processes advertisement in standard way
27
Router Solicitation Message

0
type
16
code
reserved
24
31
checksum
Type: ICMP type (10)

Code: code for this type (0)
Checksum: checksum over full message
Reserved: sent as 0; ignored by receiver
28
Agent Advertisement
Extend router advertisement messages

Mobility agent advertisement extension
Prefix-length extension
One-byte padding extension
Future extensions
Important fields for
Link layer
IP
ICMP (router discovery)
29
Advertising by Mobility Agents
If link-layer protocol does not provide agent
discovery, mobility agent (HA and FA) must

Send agent advertisement messages (at some maximum rate
with 1 second maximum recommended rate)

Respond to agent solicitation messages
If link-layer protocol does provide agent discovery,
mobility agent must

Respond to agent solicitation messages
Send agent advertisement messages if site policy requires
additional registration
30
Agent Discovery by Mobile Hosts
MH sends solicitation only if

There is no agent advertisement message
Care-of address not established by link-layer protocol
Agent advertisement provides
Care-of address
Foreign agent address
Mobile host knows it is on its home link when it sees
advertisement messages from its home agent

Mobile host reconfigures routing for home network
operation
Issues gratuitous ARP to update any cached ARP entries
Deregisters with home agent
31
Advertisement Features (1)
Link layer
Destination address should match link layer source address
for agent solicitation
IP
TTL = 1 (local subnet only)
Destination address is
All-systems multicast address (224.0.0.1), or
Limited-broadcast address (225.225.225.225)
32
Advertisement Features (2)
ICMP
Type = 9 (router advertisement message)
Code
Code = 0 if mobility agent handles common traffic, i.e. it
is a router for general IP traffic
Code = 16 if mobility agent does not route common traffic
(but it must route datagrams from a registered mobile
host)
Lifetime is maximum time this advertisement is considered
valid
Router addresses are usual router addresses that are
advertised (preference may be low)
Num addrs is the number of advertised router addresses
33
Agent Advertisement Extension (1)

(follows ICMP router discovery)
0
type
length
registration lifetime
16
24
31
sequence number
RBHFMGV
reserved
zero or more care-of addresses

Type: 16
Length: 6 + 4N, where N is the number of advertised
care-of addresses (4 bytes each)

Sequence number: Count of advertisement
messages since agent was initialized
34
Registration lifetime: Lifetime in seconds that this
agent is willing to accept a registration request

(65,535 infinity)
Bit fields
R: Foreign agent requires registration rather than using
colocated care-of address (e.g., for accounting or other

policies)
B: Busy -- foreign agent will not accept registrations from
new mobile hosts if set
H: Home agent -- agent offers home agent services on this
link
F: Foreign agent -- agent offers foreign agent services on
this link
35
Bit fields (continued)

M: Minimal encapsulation -- agent can receive datagrams
that contain minimal encapsulation
G: Generic routing encapsulation (GRE) -- agent can receive
datagrams that use GRE
V: Van Jacobson header compression -- agent supports use
of header compression
Reserved: sent as 0; ignored by receiver
Care-of addresses: care-of addresses provided by
this agent
Must provide at least one if F = 1
Number of addresses determined by length field
36
Agent Solicitation Message
Same as ICMP router solicitation message

TTL = 1 required
Used in a slightly different way
Frequency
Number of attempts
37
Registration
Mobile IP registration allows mobile hosts to
communicate their location (reachability) information

to their home agent
Request forwarding services on a foreign network
Inform home agent of care-of address
Renew a binding that is due to expire
Deregister upon return to the home network
Creates or modifies a mobility binding at home agent
and allows foreign agent to begin or renew service

for the mobile host
Binds mobile hosts care-off address to its home address
Binding is valid for a registration lifetime
38
Registration Preliminaries (1)
Preconfigured in mobile host

Home IP address and subnet mask
Mobility security association for each home agent (for
authentication)
Optionally, IP address of one or more home agents
Two forms of registration
Foreign agent acts as an intermediary
Mobile host registers directly with home agent
Both procedures consist of exchange of registration
request and reply messages
39
Registration Preliminaries (2)
Registration via foreign agent if

Mobile host registers foreign agent care-off address
Foreign agent registration is required (R = 1 in
advertisement)
Registration directly with home agent if
Mobile host is using a colocated care-of address
Mobile host returns home and deregisters
40
Registration Via Foreign Agent

Mobile
Host
MH
(1)
(2)
Foreign
Agent
FA
(3)
(5)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Home
Agent
HA
(4)
FA advertises service
MH requests service
FA relays request to HA
HA accepts (or denies) request and replies
FA relays reply to MH
41
Authentication (1)
Without security, a bad guy host on any network
(with a FA) could issue a registration request for a

host on any network (with a HA)
HA would begin to forward datagrams to the bad guy host
So, registration messages between a mobile host
and its home agent must be authenticated

Uses mobile-home authentication extension
Mobile hosts, home agents, and foreign agents must
maintain a mobility security association for mobile

hosts, indexed by
Security Parameter Index (SPI)
IP address (home address for mobile host)
42
Authentication (2)
Identification field in registration request changes
with each new registration to prevent malicious

snooping agent from replaying request
Provides replay protection
Identification field in reply based on identification
field in request
43
Registration Message Format

Carried in UDP datagrams
IP Header
UDP Header
Mobile IP
Message Header
Extensions
Non-zero checksum in UDP
header (receiver should

check)
Mobile IP implements its own
retransmission scheme
TCP overhead not needed,
especially beneficial for high
packet loss rates
Include a lifetime value
44
Registration Request Message (1)

0
type
16
24
31
SBDMGVrsv
lifetime
home address
home agent
care-of address
identification
extensions ...
45
Type: 1 (indicates registration request)

Bit fields
S: Simultaneous bindings -- set if mobile host wants home
agent to keep its current bindings
B: Broadcast datagrams -- set if mobile host wants to
receive broadcasts on its home network
D: Decapsulation -- set to indicate that mobile host will
decapsulate datagrams sent to care-of address (mobile node
is using colocated care-of address)
46
Bit fields (continued)

M: Minimal encapsulation -- set to request home agent use
minimal encapsulation for tunneled datagrams
G: Generic routing encapsulation -- set to request home
agent use GRE for tunneled datagrams
V: Van Jacobson header compression -- set to request that
mobility agent use of this header compression scheme over
its link with mobile host
rsv: Two reserved bits -- sent as 0; ignored on reception
47
Lifetime: Number of seconds before registration
should be considered to expire

Should not exceed that advertised by the foreign agent
Set to 0 to delete the registration
Home address: Home IP address of the mobile host

Home agent: IP address of the mobile hosts home
agent
48
Care-of address: IP address of the tunnel endpoint

Colocated (e.g., obtained using DHCP)
Foreign agent (e.g., obtained through agent discovery)
Home address to deregister all (return to home)
Identification: 64-bit identification number
constructed by mobile host

Associates registration requests with registration replies
Protects against replay attacks of registration messages
49
IP for Registration Requests
Source address
Care-of address if colocated care-of address
Otherwise, mobile hosts home address
Destination address
IP address of foreign agent learned through advertisement
message if registering through foreign agent
If IP address not known, all-mobility-agents multicast
address (224.0.0.11) with TTL = 1 and link-layer address set
to agents address
IP address of home agent if registering directly with home
agent
Subnet-directed broadcast of home agent if IP address not
known
50
UDP for Registration Requests
Source port: Variable (dynamically assigned by
operating system, for example)

Destination port: 434 (well-known port number)
51
Registration Reply Message (1)

0
type
16
code
home address
home agent
24
31
lifetime
identification
extensions ...
52
Type: 3 (indicates registration reply)

Code: Indicates result of registration request
(defined in Assigned Numbers)

Registration successful
0: Registration accepted
1: Registration accepted, simultaneous
registration not supported

Registration denied by foreign agent
Codes 64-88
Registration denied by home agent
Codes 128-136
53
Lifetime: Duration for which binding is valid

Home address: IP address of the mobile host
Home agent: IP address of mobile hosts home agent
Identification: 64-bit identification field
Low 32 bits matched to identification sent in request
Used for authentication
54
IP for Registration Replies
Source address
Typically copied from the destination address of associated
registration request
If request sent to a multicast or broadcast address, source
address is set to home agents preferred unicast address
Destination address: Copied from the source
address of the associated registration request
55
UDP for Registration Replies
Source port: Variable

Destination port: Copied from the source port of the
associated registration request
56
Security Parameter Index
SPI defines the security context used to compute the
authenticator value
Authentication algorithm
Mode
Shared secret
Shared secret
Shared private key, or
Public/private key pair
57
Authentication Extension
0
type
code
SPI (second two bytes)
16
24
31
SPI (first two bytes)

authenticator
Type:
32 Mobile-home authentication
33 Mobile-foreign authentication
34 Foreign-home authentication
Length: 4 plus length of authenticator
SPI: 4-byte SPI
Authenticator: Variable length (SPI)
58
Order of Extensions
Example -- registration request from mobile host to
home agent via foreign agent

IP header
UDP header
Fixed part of registration request
Nonauthentication extensions for home agent
Mobile-home authentication extension
Nonauthentication extensions for foreign agent
Mobile-foreign authentication extension
59
Registration Information (1)
Maintained at the mobile host for each pending
registration
Link-layer address of foreign agent (if applicable)
IP destination address of the registration request
Care-of address used in registration
Identification value sent in registration
Originally requested lifetime
Remaining lifetime of pending registration
60
Information in visitors log at foreign agent

Link-layer source address of mobile host
IP source address (the mobile hosts home address)
IP destination address (the foreign agent address used by
the mobile host)
UDP source port (UDP port used at the mobile host)
Home agent address
Identification field (for authentication)
Requested registration lifetime
Remaining lifetime of the pending or current registration
61
Information in mobility binding (indexed by home
address of mobile host) at home agent

Mobile hosts care-of address
Identification field from registration reply
Remaining lifetime of the registration
62
FA Care-of Address Example
Example values
Mobile hosts home address
Mobile hosts home agent
Foreign agents link address
Foreign agents care-of address
Mobile nodes source port
Foreign agents source port
Care-of registration lifetime
Home agent-granted lifetime
SPI (mobile node/home agent)
129.34.78.5
129.34.78.254
137.0.0.11
9.2.20.11
1094
1105
60,000 s
35,000 s
302/303
From C. E. Perkins, Mobile IP: Design Principles and

Practices, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1998.
63
Example: 1) Agent Advertisement
Foreign agent discovery
Type=9
Code=16
IP Header
ICMP Header Router Adv
S=137.0.0.11
D=255.255.255.255
F=1
Mobile Ext
Life=60,000
COA=9.2.20.11
64
Example: 2) Mobile to Foreign
Registration using the foreign agent
S=1094
D=434
IP Header
S=129.34.78.5
D=137.0.0.11
TTL=64
UDP Header
SPI=302
Mobile IP
Auth Ext
Type=1
Life=60,000
COA=9.2.20.11
HA=129.34.78.254
MH=129.34.78.5
65
Example: 3) Foreign to Home

S=1105
D=434
IP Header
UDP Header
S=9.2.20.11
D=129.34.78.254
TTL=64
SPI=302
Mobile IP
Auth Ext
Type=1
Life=60,000
COA=9.2.20.11
HA=129.34.78.254
MH=129.34.78.5
66
Example: 4) Home to Foreign

S=434
D=1105
IP Header
UDP Header
S=129.34.78.254
D=9.2.20.11
TTL=64
SPI=303
Mobile IP
Auth Ext
Type=3
Code=0
Life=35,000
HA=129.34.78.254
MH=129.34.78.5
67
Example: 5) Foreign to Mobile

S=434
D=1094
IP Header
UDP Header
S=137.0.0.11
D=129.34.78.5
TTL=1
SPI=303
Mobile IP
Auth Ext
Type=3
Code=0
Life=35,000
HA=129.34.78.254
MH=129.34.78.5
Successful registration is complete
68
Datagram Delivery
Mobile IP uses encapsulation to deliver datagrams
from the home network to the current care-of

address of the mobile host
IP-in-IP encapsulation (must be supported)
Minimal encapsulation (may be supported)
Generic record encapsulation (may be supported)
69
Tunneling Basics
Source
Destination
Tunnel
Encapsulation
Decapsulation
70
IP-in-IP Encapsulation (1)

Original
Endpoints
Tunnel
Endpoints
Outer
IP Header
Original
IP Header
Original IP
Payload
Original
IP Header
Original IP
Payload
Other
Optional
Headers
71
IP-in-IP Encapsulation (2)
Encapsulation makes almost no change to original
(or inner) IP header

TTL is decremented by 1 (as in a router)
Outer IP header
Total length is length of entire encapsulated datagram
TOS (DSCP) copied from inner header
If DF flag is set in inner header, also set in outer
Protocol = 4 (IP)
Source address is address of encapsulator
Destination address is address of decapsulator
Optional header fields are generally not copied; others may
be added
72
Special Forms of ARP
Proxy ARP
An ARP reply sent by one node on behalf of another node
ARP reply includes proxys link-layer address
Future transmissions will be sent to the proxy
Home agent can proxy ARP for mobile node
Gratuitous ARP
ARP request or reply sent in order to update ARP caches at
other nodes
Nodes are required to update their caches
Home agent does gratuitous ARP to update ARP caches on
local network after change in registration or deregistration
Mobile host does gratuitous ARP when it returns home
73
Route Optimization (1)

Triangle routing in basic Mobile IP is inefficient
Traffic from correspondent host to mobile host traverses the
network twice
Route optimization allows home agent to notify
correspondent node of new location of the mobile

host
Requires enhanced capabilities at each correspondent node
Requires security association between home agent and
correspondent node
Route optimization approach is the only technique
supported in IPv6
IPv6 also uses only colocated care-of addresses
74
Route Optimization (2)

Binding
Cache
Corresponding
Host
Home
Agent
Datagram 1
Datagram 2
Binding update
Tunnel
Foreign
Agent
ACK
Mobile
Host
75
Summary
IP addressing presents problems for mobile hosts
Mobile IP is a solution for truly mobile operation
Home agents and foreign agents provide mobility support
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Network
Address Translation (NAT), etc. can be used for nomadic
operation
Major operations
Agent discover
Registration
Datagram delivery through tunneling
Route optimization and IPv6 offer improvements on
basic Mobile IP
76

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