Testing Equality of Several Means

ONE WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

For comparing the cleansing action of three
detergents, the following whiteness readings
were recorded on 15 swatches of white cloth,
which were first soiled with India ink and then
washed in an agitator-type machine with the
respective detergents.
The means of three samples are 77, 68 and 80.
Test (at 1% significance level), whether the
differences among them are significant or they
can be attributed to chance.

Detergent A

77

81

71

76

80

Detergent B

72

58

74

66

70

Detergent C

76

85

82

80

77

Basic Calculations

Yij2 = 85041 ;
Grand Total = Yij = 1125
n = 15
Correction Factor (C. F.)
= (Grand Total)2/n
= 84375
Total Sum of Squares = Yij2 C.F. = 666
Detergent S.S. = (Detergent Total)2 C.F.
= (3852 + 3402 + 4002)/5 - C.F.
= 390
Error S.S. = Total S.S. Detergent S.S. =
= 666 390 = 276

ANOVA for comparing the detergents

Source
of
Variation

d.f.

Sum of
Squares
(S.S.)

Mean
S.S.

Detergent

390

195

Error

12

276

23

TOTAL

14

666

F ratio F0.01(2,12)

8.48

6.93

Pairwise Comparisons
Critical Difference for Detergent:

1 1
t /2;12 d.f . * M.S.E. * ( )
n1 n 2
= 3.0545 {23 *(2/5)}
= 9.265
Detergent Means:
(1) 77a,b
(2) 68a

(3) 80b

FIGURES WITH SAME ALPHABET DO NOT

INDICATE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE.

SPSS Output _ One-way ANOVA

ANOVA
Index

Between Groups
Within Groups
Total

Sum of
Squares
390.000
276.000
666.000

df
2
12
14

Mean Square
195.000
23.000

F
8.478

Sig.
.005

SPSS Output _ One-way ANOVA

Post Hoc Tests

Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: detergen
LSD

(I) group
1
2
3

(J) group
2
3
1
3
1
2

Mean
Difference
(I-J)
Std. Error
9.000
3.033
-3.000
3.033
-9.000
3.033
-12.000*
3.033
3.000
3.033
12.000*
3.033

*. The mean difference is significant at the .01 level.

Sig.
.012
.342
.012
.002
.342
.002

99% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound Upper Bound
-.26
18.26
-12.26
6.26
-18.26
.26
-21.26
-2.74
-6.26
12.26
2.74
21.26

Two-way ANOVA with single observation

per cell
An experiment was designed to study the
performance of four different detergents. The
following whiteness readings were obtained
with specially designed equipments for 12 loads
of washing distributed over three different
models of washing machines.
Test (at 1% significance level) whether there
exists differences in the detergents as well as
the washing machines.

Machine 1

Machine 2

Machine 3

Detergent A

45

43

51

Detergent B

47

46

52

Detergent C

48

50

55

Detergent D

42

37

49

ANOVA for Two-way classified data with

single observation per cell
Source of
Variation

d.f.

Sum of
Squares

Mean
Sum of
Squares

F ratio F (1%)

Detergents

111

37.0

11.6

9.78

Machines

135

67.5

21.1

10.9

Error

19

3.2

TOTAL

11

265

 Conclusions :
- There are significant differences in the
effectiveness of the four detergents.
- Performance of three models of washing
machines is significantly different.

Pairwise Comparisons - Detergents

Critical Difference for Detergent:

t /2; 6 d.f.

1
1
M.S.E. ( ) ; here, n1 n2 3
n1 n 2
=3.70743 * {3.2 (2/3)}
= 5.415

Detergent Means:
A(46.33)a,b
B(48.33)a

C(51.0)a

D(42.67)b

FIGURES WITH SAME ALPHABET DO NOT INDICATE

SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE.

Pairwise Comparisons - Machines

Critical Difference for Machines:

t /2; 6 d.f.

1 1
M.S.E. ( ) ; here n1 n 2 4
n1 n 2

= 3.70743 * {3.2 (2/4)

=4.69
Machine Means:
1.
45.5a

2.
44.0a

3.
51.75

SPSS Output _ Two-way ANOVA

(Without Replication)
1. Detergent
Dependent Variable: Index
Detergent
1
2
3
4

Mean
46.333
48.333
51.000
42.667

Std. Error
1.023
1.023
1.023
1.023

99% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound
Upper Bound
42.541
50.126
44.541
52.126
47.208
54.792
38.874
46.459

2. Machine
Dependent Variable: Index
Machine
1
2
3

Mean
45.500
44.000
51.750

Std. Error
.886
.886
.886

99% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound
Upper Bound
42.216
48.784
40.716
47.284
48.466
55.034

SPSS Output _ Two-way ANOVA

(Without Replication)
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: Index
Source
Corrected Model
Intercept
Detergent
Machine
Error
Total
Corrected Total

Type III Sum

of Squares
246.083a
26602.083
110.917
135.167
18.833
26867.000
264.917

df
5
1
3
2
6
12
11

Mean Square
49.217
26602.083
36.972
67.583
3.139

a. R Squared = .929 (Adjusted R Squared = .870)

F
15.680
8475.000
11.779
21.531

Sig.
.002
.000
.006
.002

SPSS Output _ Two-way ANOVA

(Without Replication)_ Post Hoc Tests
Detergent
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: Index
LSD

(I) Detergent
1

(J) Detergent
2
3
4
1
3
4
1
2
4
1
2
3

Mean
Difference
(I-J)
-2.00
-4.67
3.67
2.00
-2.67
5.67*
4.67
2.67
8.33*
-3.67
-5.67*
-8.33*

Std. Error
1.447
1.447
1.447
1.447
1.447
1.447
1.447
1.447
1.447
1.447
1.447
1.447

Based on observed means.

*. The mean difference is significant at the .01 level.

Sig.
.216
.018
.044
.216
.115
.008
.018
.115
.001
.044
.008
.001

99% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound
Upper Bound
-7.36
3.36
-10.03
.70
-1.70
9.03
-3.36
7.36
-8.03
2.70
.30
11.03
-.70
10.03
-2.70
8.03
2.97
13.70
-9.03
1.70
-11.03
-.30
-13.70
-2.97

SPSS Output _ Two-way ANOVA

(Without Replication)_ Post Hoc Tests

Machine
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: Index
LSD

(I) Machine
1
2
3

(J) Machine
2
3
1
3
1
2

Mean
Difference
(I-J)
Std. Error
1.50
1.253
-6.25*
1.253
-1.50
1.253
-7.75*
1.253
6.25*
1.253
7.75*
1.253

Based on observed means.

*. The mean difference is significant at the .01 level.

Sig.
.276
.002
.276
.001
.002
.001

99% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound Upper Bound
-3.14
6.14
-10.89
-1.61
-6.14
3.14
-12.39
-3.11
1.61
10.89
3.11
12.39