Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

PEEG 216
RESERVOIR FLUID
PROPERTIES
Dr. John Williams
Class 4

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

Outline
Section Section on Phase Behaviour
Refresher on pressure measurement and
units
Homework

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

Summary from Last Class

Completed petroleum fluid components

Hydrocarbon naming
Isomers
Non-hydrocarbons
Complicated components
Asphaltenes, Waxes, Resins

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

Where Are We in PEEG 216?

Petroleum fluid components
Phase behaviour of pure substances and mixtures.
Equations of state for ideal gases, mixtures of gases, and
general petroleum fluids.
Multi-component phase diagrams and identification of
different reservoir fluids.
Reservoir fluid sampling
Collection, quality control and use of sampling data
Reservoir fluid compositional analysis
Properties of dry gases, wet gases, gas condensates,
volatile oil, and black oil.
Pressure-Volume-Temperature laboratory experiments
Modelling gas-liquid equilibria with equations of state.
Properties of oilfield waters.

Melting Point
Lin

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

res
P
ur
o
p
Va

in
L
e
sur

Typical
Phase
Diagram
for a Pure
Substance

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

Phase Diagram
The shape of the phase diagram is very similar for
nearly all pure materials.
The ranges of pressure and temperature the phase
diagram covers is different for each substance.
Within a region of the P-T phase diagram only one
phase is present
For a pure substance, more than one phase can exist
only at a line on the phase diagram
This is due to the phase rule N = C P + 2
The state of the substance (phase or phases present)
is determined only by P and T

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

Practice Session
Lets draw a phase diagram
How many components does this represent
Lets add some labels

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

The Strange Critical Point

P

5
1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Increase T
Increase P
Decrease T
Decrease P
Boiling occurs! So the
fluid has changed
from gas to liquid
without passing a
phase boundary! i.e.
without condensing!

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

Density-Temperature Diagram for a

Pure Substance
The density can
allow us to
distinguish
between liquid
and gas

Density
Saturated liquid

Saturated vapour

Temperature

Why does the

vapour density
increase with
temperature?

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

Critical Point of Benzene

First we will see still pictures as the
temperature is increased until above the
critical point (289C, 552F)
Then we will see the video clip with
cooling.
Note: The critical temperature appears to be
greater than 289C. Why?

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

Benzene for Critical Point Apparatus

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

Benzene at
300.7C

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

Benzene at
307.4C

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

Benzene at
309.2C

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

Animated cooling through the

critical temperature
http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCESoft/CCA
/samples/cca2benzene.html

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

Refresher: Measurement of Pressure

Initially height of a fluid column
Various units:
Pascal
Standard atmosphere = 101 325 Pa
Torr or mmHg (1 atm. = 760 Torr)
Bar = 100 000 Pa
And in the oil industry:
Pound (force) per square inch (psi)
where 1 atm. = 14.696 psi

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

The mercury barometer

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

Types of Manometer
(Instrument used for measuring gaseous pressure)

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

Absolute v Relative Pressures

In figure a, the pressure is relative to
atmospheric pressure, and reported as
gauge (e.g. psig though frequently psi,
and barg though officially in the SI system,
all pressures should be in absolute units)
In figure b, the pressure is absolute as it is
measured relative to a vacuum (almost)

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

API Gravity
API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity
is a measure of density used for petroleum
fluids
API gravity = 141.5/specific gravity - 131.5
It is expressed as degrees API or API
Specific gravity, o is the density at 60F
divided by the density of water at 60F
API gravity decreases as specific gravity or
density increases (inverse relation)

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

Calculate API and o

o

API

0.8

0.75

1.1

60

Reservoir Fluid Properties PEEG 216

Class 4 Homework due 14/15th Feb.10

BEWARE: give answers to the correct precision
What is 100 kPa in psi?
Complete the API Gravity table on the previous
slide.
Answer question 2.4 on page 84.
You can use the graph on page 56
Explain why you can use this graph.