Pengertia

n Buah
Ovarium yang
dewasa dan
matang.
Ovula
berkembang
menjadi biji
Dinding ovarium
berkembang
menjadi buah

Fungsi Buah
Melindungi biji dari kekeringan
Membantu penyabaran biji

Jenis buah
1. Berdaging (fleshy)
2. Kering (dry)

Jenis Buah
Buah tunggal :
Buah Majemuk :
Buah Aggregat :

Major Types of Fruits

There is great diversity of fruits.
Three major divisions include simple
fruits, aggregate fruits, and multiple
fruits. Simple fruits are defined as
having developed from a single
ovary of a single pistil. Simple
fruits are often classified as
being fleshy or dry.

 Fleshy fruits are juicy. Berries,

hesperidium, pepo, drupes, and
pomes are categories of fleshy fruits.
A berry has an entirely fleshy
ovary. Tomato, date, blueberry,
banana, pepper, and cranberry
are examples of berries.

 A hesperidium fruit has a leathery

rind. Examples include oranges,
grapefruits, lemons, and limes.
A pepo is a type of fruit defined
by a hard rind and a fleshy inner
matrix. Watermelons, cantaloupe,
squash, and pumpkins

 A drupe is a fruit with a fleshy

exterior and a single hard, stony
pit surrounding the seed. Cherry,
peach, olive, and plum are
examples of plants with drupes.
A pome has a fleshy exterior
and a center with papery
carpels. Apples and pears are
pomes.

 Dry fruits may be indehiscent or dehiscent.

Indehiscent fruits or those that do not split
open at maturity and usually contain one or
two seeds. Some types of indehiscent fruits
are: Achene
Caryopsis
Samara
Nut
Uricle
Nutlet

 An achene is one-sided fruit with a

seed attached at only one place to the
pericarp. Sunflowers and strawberries
have achene type fruit.
A caryopsis is similar to an achene.
However, the pericarp sticks or clings
to the seed. Corn, rice, barley, rye,
amaranth, sorghum, oat, and wheat
have caryopsis fruit.

 A samara is usually single

seeded with a membranous
wing. Examples are maple, elm,
and ash.
A nut is a hard, one-seeded
fruit. Oak, walnut, almonds, and
hickory produce nuts.

 A uricle is like an achene, but the

ovary wall fits loosely around the
seed. Examples are finger millet
and pigweed.
A nutlet is a small version of a
nut. Birch and pecans are
examples.

Anatomi Buah

Dormansi
As seeds mature, they enter a period of
dormancy.
Suspended growth and development.
Lowered metabolic rate.
Resistance to adverse environmental
conditions.

Monocot
Germination
Monocot
seeds have
one
cotyledon.
Absorbs
and
transfers
most
nutrients
during
seed

Dicot
Germination

Dicot seeds have

two cotyledons

Absorb nutrients
from endosperm
during seed
development and
store for future
use.
Transfer stored
nutrients to
other parts of

Seed Germination
Emergence of the embryonic root is
followed by emergence of the embryonic
shoot.
Emerging roots and shoots must push
through the soil without abrading the
apical meristems at their tips.
Germination (resumption of growth)
occurs when the seed absorbs enough
water to rupture the seed coat.

Cotyledons
Food stored in the seed (as endosperm or
within cotyledons) provides the energy for
sprouting.
Cotyledons of dicots with
hypocotyl hooks are carried out of
the soil.
Remain below ground.
Digest endosperm and transfer nutrients to
seedling.
Become photosynthetic.
Transfer stored nutrients and synthesized sugars
to the seedling.

Seed Dormancy
Conditions that break dormancy vary
among plant species.
Some germinate as soon as the
environment is suitable (adequate
moisture and temperature).
Conditions that break dormancy vary
among plant species.
Others have additional requirements:
Initial drying (seeds within fleshy
fruits)
Exposure to prolonged cold (seeds of
temperate and arctic plants).

Seed Dormancy
Seeds can remain dormant in the
soil for long periods of time.
Dormancy ensures that seeds only
germinate when conditions are
optimal.
When we weed or cultivate a bare
patch of soil, the weeds that sprout
up immediately usually come from
the seed bank already in the soil.

Breaking
Dormancy

Seeds require moisture and the

right temperature to germinate.
In addition, some seeds germinate
only after certain environmental
signals:
Drying
Temperature (period of cold or heat)
Disruption of the seed coat