SIMULATION,GRAVITY AND

LOWRY MODEL-AN
ILLUSTRATION
BY
K.Mohana Sundari
2016803011

SIMULATION MODEL

SIMULATION MODEL
model a real-life or hypothetical situation
on a computer so that it can be studied to
see how the system works
Types

Web based simulation

Virtual simulation

STEPS
Goal Setting
Data collection
The choice of the type of simulation
Generation of the model
Visualization and interpretation of results

SOFTWARE
Anylogic
TransModeler Traffic Simulation Software

Applications & Example

APPLICATION
Infrastructure network
Real estate
Natural Resource Management

CASE STUDY (PARK PLUS)

GRAVITY MODEL

GRAVITY MODEL
Interaction between two places irrespective
of their distance.
Application of Newton's law of gravity on
urban planning.
Developed in 1950 for trip distribution
Assumes that the trips produced at an
origin and attracted to a destination are
directly proportional to the total trip
productions at the origin and the total
attractions at the destination.

PROCESS OF DEFINITION
TRAFFIC
PLANNING

ANALYSING
METHODS

TRIP
GENERATION

Multi regression
analysis

It predicts the
number oftrips
originating in or
destined for a
particular traffic
analysis zone

TRIP
Number of trips
DISTRIBUTION that occur between
each origin zone
and each
destination zone

Gravity Model

MODAL SPLIT

Percentage of
travellers using a
particular type of
transportation

Multinomial logit
model

TRIP
ASSIGNMENT

Allocating given set

of trip interchanges
to the specified

All-or-nothing
assignment

SOFTWARES

OTISS
(trip generation
and analysis)
TRANSCAD,
UTSP lab.

Factors affecting/governing
interaction

Density of land
Number of dwellings > employment per unit of land
Higher density = more trips

Social and socioeconomic characters of

users influence production
Average family income, Education, Car ownership,
comfort and living standards

PROBLEMS
The distance function
Zoning problem
Calibration

BASIC FORMULA

TYPES
Unconstrained
Constrained
a. Single constrained Gravity model
b. Doubly constrained gravity model

Singly constrained gravity

model

Doubly Constrained Gravity

model

PROBLEM

PROBLEM ON GRAVITY MODEL.docx

Conclusion
All the models are used to predict the future
demands.
Gravity and lowry model is not been used
widely as its tedious and time consuming.

Reference
Models in planning by C .Lee
http://www.slideshare.net/SrikanthKenchug
undu/land-use-by-lowry-model-as-an-exampl
e
http://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-trans
actions-on-ecology-and-the-environment/155
/23103
http://online.liverpooluniversitypress.co.
uk/doi/abs/10.3828/tpr.56.4.n202x705141x16
00?journalCode=tpr
http://classes.uleth.ca/200803/geog3235a/C
onstrained_gravity_model_2008.pdf