A Presentation on

Grey Wolf Optimizer to Solve Economic Load Dispatch Problem

with Ramp Rate Limit And Prohibited Zones
Supervised By :
Prof. A. H. Ranpriya
Electrical Engg. Dept.
(SSGEC, Bhavnagar , Gujarat India )

Prepared By :
Mr. Arvind Kumar
En. No.-140430707002
M.E. 3rd Sem. Electrical
Engineering

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

Literature Review
The review of the economic load dispatch problem with and without valve point for a time
period of 57 years from 1958 to 2015 considered 217 publications & 44 different
algorithms Shown in Figure 1 & Figure 2.

Figure 1 : Year Vs. Number of Publications

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

Figure 2 : Algorithm Vs. Number of Publications

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 Review findings based on the economic load dispatch problems:

A. The most used objective functions are:
(a) Second order fuel cost function without valve point loading effect.
(b) Second order fuel cost function with valve point loading effect.
B. The most used constraints are:
(a) Power balance constraint
(b) Transmission loss constraint
(c) Real and Reactive power operation limits
(d) Ramp rate limits
(e) Prohibited Operating Zones
S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

 Review findings based on the Optimization Algorithm:

(a)
The future direction of research in the field of constrained engineering optimization
problem and economic dispatch problem can be identified as :
1. GWO, DA, MVO & MFO are used for various real engineering constrained optimization
problem
2. A CEED Problem Solution with & without valve point using Different Price Penalty
Factor Like as:
Max-Max, Min-Max, Min-Min,
Max-Min, Average & Common Price Penalty Factor.
3. Innovative ways of application of the heuristics algorithms.

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

Introduction
The goal of Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) problem is to find the optimal combination
of power generations that minimizes the total generation cost, while satisfying optimal
generation dispatch among the operating units in order to meet the load demands and
practical operation constraints of generators, which consist of ramp rate limits,
maximum and minimum limits, and prohibited operating zones

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

Terminology
Prohibited Zone : A physical operation limitations (such as faults in the machines themselves) or the
associated auxiliaries (such as boiler, feed pumps), units can have prohibited operating regions and
generators that operate in these zones may experience amplification of vibrations in their shaft bearing
called Prohibited Zone .
Ramp Rate : the power output are instantaneous. However, under practical circumstances, ramp rate
limit restrains the operating range of all the online units for tuning the generator operation between two
operating periods . The generation may increase or decrease with corresponding upper and lower ramp
rate limits.
Valve point loading : Large steam turbine generators usually have a number of steam admission
valves that are opened in sequence to do gradually loading of the generators. Loading output levels at
which a new steam admission valve is opened is called valve point loading effect.
S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

Classification of Meta-heuristic Technique

Meta-heuristics

Evolutionary
Method

Differential Evolution (DE)

Genetic Programming (GP)
Evolution Strategy (ES) etc.

Physics Based
Method

Mine Blast Algorithm(MBA)

Ray Optimization (RO)
Multi-verse Optimizer (MVO)etc.
S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

Nature Based
Method

Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO)

Moth-Flame Optimizer (MFO)
Dragonfly Algorithm(DA)etc.
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Formulation and solution of Economic Load Dispatch problem

for the case of quadratic function
n

Fuel Cost Function: Fc (ci bi Pi ai Pi 2 )

i 1

where :n=no of generator, Pi=Real power generation of a generator unit i.

FC= Total Fuel Cost, ai ,bi ,ci=Cost coefficients of generating for the unit i in
[$/MW2h], [$/MWh] and [$/h] respectively.
Constraints are in[MW]:n
(1) Power balance constraint:- PG Pi P PL
i 1
(2) Generator operational constraints:- Pi min Pi Pi max
n
n
n
(3) Transmission loss can be expressed as,(Dhilloan, 1994)[46]:-PL PiB jPj BoiPi Boo
i 1
(4) Ramp Rate constraint:-Max(Pimax , URi Pi) Pi Min(Pimax , Pi0DRi) i 1 j 1
(5) Prohibited operating zones :- P i,j1UBPi P i,j LB j=2, 3, . . . , No of prohibit zone
D

1/2/17

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

GREY WOLF OPTIMIZER (GWO)

The Grey Wolf Optimizer was developed by Seyedali Mirjalili in 2014[7].GWO based on
Hunting behavior of grey wolves: (A) chasing, approaching, and tracking prey (B-D)
pursuiting, harassing, and encircling (E) stationary situation and attack

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

PSEUDO CODE FOR GREY WOLF OPTIMIZER

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CONTROL PARAMETERS USED IN GREY WOLF OPTIMIZER

S. NO.

Parameter

Value

Search Agent No.(N)

30,50

Maximum iterations count (t)

500, 1000

No. of Variables (dim)

As per requirement

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

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GWO ALGORITHM RESULTS FOR UNCONSTRAINT

PROBLEM

ALGORITHMS

AVERAGE VALUE

STANDRAD
VALUE

ALGORITHMS

AVERAGE VALUE

STANDRAD
VALUE

GWO

6.79E-31

7.78E-31

GWO

197.985

0.36253

ALO

2.59E-10

1.65E-10

CS

332.670

159.880

PSO

2.70E-09

1.00E-09

PSO

911.234

95.2450

CS

6.50E-03

2.05E-04

GA

964.490

748.760

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

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GWO ALGORITHM RESULTS FOR UNCONSTRAINT

PROBLEM

ALGORITHMS

AVERAGE VALUE

STANDRAD
VALUE

ALGORITHMS

AVERAGE VALUE

STANDRAD
VALUE

GWO

-6420.5516

921.6797

GWO

2.67788

03.7870

ALO

-1606.2764

314.4302

GSA

25.9684

07.4700

PSO

-1367.0100

146.4089

PSO

46.7042

11.6293

CS

-2094.9100

000.0076

DE

69.2000

38.8000

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

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Structural Constrained Design for Mechanical

Engineering Appliances

Consider
Minimize
Variable range

Pressure vessel design problem

Minimize

Consider

,
,

Variable range
S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

ALGORITH
MS

MINIMUM
VALUE

GWO

5.183E-16

ALO

2.700E-12

ABC

2.780E-11

GA

1.362E-09

ALGORITH
MS

MINIMUM
VALUE

GWO

5886.3776

MBA

5889.3216

ACO

6059.0888

PSO

6061.0777
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Structural Constrained Design for Mechanical

Engineering Appliances
ALGORITH
MS

MINIMUM
VALUE

GWO

1.30326

ALO

1.33995

CS

1.33999

GCA

1.34000

Tension/Compression spring design

Consider

ALGORITH
MS

MINIMUM
VALUE

Minimize

GWO

0.0126672

PSO

0.0126747

GSA

0.0127022

GA

0.0127048

Three bar truss design problem

Consider
Minimize
Subject to
,

Variable range

Subject to

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

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Structural Constrained Design for Civil Engineering

Appliances
Cantilever beam design

Consider

ALGORIT
HMS

MINIMU
M VALUE

Minimize

GWO

1.30326

Subject to

ALO

1.33995

CS

1.33999

GCA

1.34000

Variable range

ALGORIT
HMS

MINIMU
M VALUE

GWO

CS

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

SOS

0.006625
9
0.013074
7
0.013074
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Structural Constrained Design for Civil Engineering

Appliances

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

ALGORITH
MS

MINIMUM
VALUE

GWO

358.793765

SD-RC

374.2

GA

366.145

CS

359.208

ALGORITH
MS

MINIMUM
VALUE

GWO

25.493305

Hsu and Liu

25.5316

Rao

25.5323

CS

25.5316
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Constrained Design for Electrical Engineering

Appliances

Relay

TMS

Linear
programming

FA

GA

PSO

GWO

RA

TMS1

0.289

0.265

0.27

0.23569

0.23569

RB

TMS2

0.11

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

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Constrained Design for Electrical Engineering

Appliances

Relay

TMS

FA

PSO

GWO

TMS1

Linear
GA
programmin
g
0.159
0.134

R1

0.131

0.13394

0.13398

R2

TMS2

0.039

0.035

0.032

0.034789

0.034789

R3

TMS3

0.039

0.035

0.032

0.034789

0.034789

R4

TMS4

0.159

0.134

0.131

0.13394

0.13398

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

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Constrained Design for Electrical Engineering

Appliances
Brushless DC Wheel Motor Efficiency
Improvement

Variabl
e
n%
S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

GWO

GA

PSO

95.32

95.31

95.32
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Constrained Design for Electrical Engineering

Appliances
Brushless DC Wheel Motor Mass
Reduction

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

Variable
s
Mtotal
(kg)

GWO
7.9296

ALO

PSO

7.9503

7.9503
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Constrained Design for Electrical Engineering

Appliances
Isolated Safety Transformer Efficiency
Maximization

Variables
Efficiency
%

GWO

GA

96.30
S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

88.4

BBO
87.60
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Constrained Design for Electrical Engineering

Appliances

ated Safety Transformer Mass Minimization

Variables
Mtotal

GWO
2.3583

BBO
2.594

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

GA
2.633
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TEST SYSTEM IEEE 30 BUS SYSTEM WITH 6

GENERATORS
The proposed CEED problem is solved for IEEE 30 bus system with 6 Generators
(Gnanadass,2005) .

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

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THANK YOU

S. S. E. C., Bhavnagar

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