Classical Laminated Plate

Theory

Combining Constituents

Experimental
Data

CONSTITUENTS
COMPOSITE

STRUCTURE
STRUCTURAL
ELEMENT

Finite Element
Analysis

Micro
Mechanics

ELEMENTARY
STRUCTURE

E
y

E
x

Material Forms

Plane-Stress Assumption
Fiber-reinforced materials are utilized in
beams, plates, cylinders and other
structures
Typically one characteristic geometric
dimension is an order of magnitude less
than the other two
Three of the six components of stress are
generally much smaller than the other
three
4

Plane Stress Inaccuracies

Errors in analysis near edges
The stresses 3, 23, 13 lead to delaminations
Bonded joints can not be modeled
Adhesive or cocured interface can not be
evaluated

The stress components equated to zero

are forgotten and no attempt is made to
estimate their magnitude
erroneously assumed that 3 is zero
5

Stress Transformation
cos2
1

sin2
2
sin cos
12

m2

T n2
mn

sin2
cos2
sin cos

n2
m2
mn

2 sin cos

2 sin cos
cos2 sin2

y

xy

2mn

2mn
m2 n2

Compliance Transformation
Equations
S11
x

y
S12

S12
xy

S16

S26
S66

S12
S22
S26

y

xy

S11 S11 m4 2 S12 S 66 n2 m2 S22 n4

S12 S11 S12 S66 n2 m2 S12 n4 m4

S16 2 S11 2 S12 S66 n m3 2 S 22 2 S12 S66 n3 m

S22 S11 n4 2 S12 S66 n2 m2 S22 m4

S26 2 S11 2 S12 S 66 n3 m 2 S22 2 S12 S66 n m3

S66 2 2 S11 2 S22 4 S12 S66 n2 m2 S66 n4 m4

Reduced Stiffness
Transformation
Q11
x

y
Q12

Q12
xy

Q12
Q22
Q26

Q16

Q26
Q66

y

xy

Q11 Q 11 m4 2 Q 12 2 Q 66 n2 m2 Q 22 n4

Q12 Q 11 Q 22 4 Q 66 n2 m2 Q 12 n4 m4

Q16 Q 11 Q 12 2 Q 66 n m3 Q 12 Q 22 2 Q 66 n3 m
Q22 Q 11 n4 2 Q 12 2 Q 66 n2 m2 Q 22 m4

Q26 Q 11 Q 12 2 Q 66 n3 m Q 12 Q 22 2 Q 66 n m3

Q66 Q 11 Q 22 2 Q 12 2 Q 66 n2 m2 Q 66 n4 m4

Classical Lamination Theory

The influence of fiber direction, stacking arrangements,
material properties, and more on structural response

Laminate Coordinate System

Laminate thickness H
Layer thickness h
not all layers same h
kth layer - hk

z-axis downward from

geometric midplane
can be between layers
can be within a layer

Fiber angles identified

relative to x axis
10

Laminate Nomenclature

45 / 0 s

45 / 45 / 02 / 45 / 45 T
45 / 45 / 0 / 0 / 45 / 45 T

Layer 1 is the most -z

Layer N is the most +z
To catergorize a
laminate as symmetric
a mirror about the
geometric midplane
material properties
fiber orientation
thickness of layer

11

The Kirchhoff Hypothesis

Mid 1800s, simplified
analysis
Beams, plates, shells
metal, wood,
concrete, and other
materials

12

Initially Flat Laminated Plate

Acted Upon by Various Loads
Loads

applied moments, M
distributed loads, q
inplane loads, N
point loads, P

Multiple layers of fiber

reinforced material
Fibers parallel to the
plane of the plate
Layers are perfectly
bonded

13

Deformation of Lines Normal

to Geometric Midplane
Before deformation are
straight
Despite the deformations
caused by the applied
loads, line AA remains
straight and normal to the
deformed geometric
midplane and does not
change length

14

Consequences of Kirchhoff
Hypothesis

15

Implications of the Kichhoff

Hypothesis in X-Z Plane
No through-thickness strain
Small deformations
Two components of
translation
uo in x direction, horizontal
translation
w o in z direction, vertical
translation

One component of rotation

about y-axis

w o

16

Resulting Displacement Field

in XZ plane
w o x , y
u x, y, z u x, y z
x
o

w x, y, z w o x, y

17

Resulting Displacement Field

in YZ plane
w o x , y
v x, y, z v x, y z
y
o

w x, y, z w o x, y

18

Strain-Displacement Relations
from Theory of Elasticity
x u
y v

y
z w
z

xy v
yz v
zx

u
w

z
y
w u
x
z
19

Laminate Strains
u x, y, z uo x, y
2 w o ( x , y)
x x, y, z

z
x
x
x 2
v x, y, z v o x, y
2 w o ( x , y)
y x, y, z

z
y
y
y 2

w x, y, z w o x, y
z x, y, z

0
z
z
w x, y, z v x, y, z w o x, y w o x, y
yz x, y, z

0
y
z
y
y

w x, y, z u x, y, z w o x, y w o x, y
xz x, y, z

0
x
z
x
x
v x, y, z u x, y, z v o x, y uo x, y
2 w o ( x , y)
xy x, y, z

2z
x
y
x
y
x y

20

Laminate Strains Composed

of Two Parts
Extensional Stain of the Reference
Surface
Curvature of the Reference Surface
inverse of the radius of curvature
involves more than just second derivative

For small strains second derivative and

curvature identical

21

Strain Notation
u o x , y
x, y
x
v o x , y
o
y x, y
y
o
o

x, y

v
x
,
y

u
oxy x, y

x
y
o
x

2 w o x, y
x, y
x 2
2 w o x, y
o
y x, y
y 2
2
o
x, y

w
oxy x, y 2
x y
o
x

22

Laminate Strains using

Revised Notation
x x, y, z ox x, y z ox x, y
y x, y, z oy x, y z oy x, y
z x, y, z 0

yz x, y, z 0

xz x, y, z 0

xy x, y, z oxy x, y z oxy x, y

The yz, and xz are zero because the Kirchhoff hypothesis

assumes that lines perpendicular to the reference surface
before deformation remain perpendicular after the
deformation; right angles in the thickness direction do
not
change when the laminate deforms
23

Laminate Stresses

Q11

Q12

y Q12

Q12
xy

Q22
Q26

Q16 ox z ox
o
o
Q26 y z y
Q66 oxy z oxy

24

[0/90]s Laminate, Axial 1000

Laminate Stress & Strain

25

[0/90]s Laminate, Axial 1000

Material Stress & Strain

26

Aluminum, Axial 1000

27

[0/90]s Laminate, xo 3.33 m-1

Laminate Stress & Strain

28

[0/90]s Laminate, xo 3.33 m-1

Material Stress & Strain

29

Aluminum, x 3.33 m
o

-1

30

Definitions of Stress
Resultants
Stress in each ply varies through the
thickness
It is convenient to define stresses in terms
of equivalent forces acting at the middle
surface
Stresses at the edge can be broken into
increments and summed
The resulting integral is defined as the
stress resultant, Ni [force per length]
31

Stress Resultant in X direction

Total force in x direction x dz y

As dz 0, x dz y y

h/2

h / 2

Nx

h/2

h / 2

x dz

x dz

32

Stress and Moment

Resultants
Nx

h/2

Ny

h/2

x dz

h / 2

h / 2

Nxy

y dz

h/2

h / 2

Mx

h/2

My

h/2

h / 2

h / 2

Mxy

xy dz

x z dz

bend

y z dz

bend

h/2

h / 2

xy z dz

twist

33

Putting the Resultants in

Matrix Form and Summing
Nx
x
n
hk

Ny hk 1 y dz
Nxy k 0
xy

Mx

My hk 1 y z dz
Mxy k 0
xy

k
hk

34

Relating Stress to Strain

Nx
n

N
y
Nxy k 0

Q11
hk
hk1 Q12
Q16

Q12
Q22
Q26

Q11
Q16 ox
h

k
Q26 oy dz Q12
hk 1
o
Q16
Q66 xy

Mx
n

M
y

Mxy k 0

Q11
hk
hk 1 Q12
Q16

Q12
Q22
Q26

Q11
Q16 ox
hk

Q26 oy z dz Q12
hk 1
o

Q16

Q66 xy

Q12
Q22
Q26
Q12
Q22
Q26

Q16 ox

o
Q26 y z dz

Q66 oxy
k

Q16 ox

Q26 oy z 2 dz

Q66 oxy
k

35

Performing the Integration

Nx
n

N
y

Nxy k 0

Q11

Q12
Q16

Q12
Q22
Q26

Q11
Q16 ox

Q26 oy hk hk 1 Q12
Q16
Q66 oxy

Mx
n

M
y
Mxy k 0

Q11

Q12
Q16

Q12
Q22
Q26

Q11
Q16 ox
1

Q26 oy hk2 hk21 Q12

2
o

Q16

Q66 xy

Q12
Q22
Q26
Q12
Q22
Q26

Q16 ox

1
Q26 oy hk2 hk21
2

Q66 oxy
k

Q16 ox
o 1 3 3
Q26 y hk hk 1
3
o

Q66 xy
k

36

Defining Laminate Stiffness

Terms
n

A ij Qij hk hk 1
k 0

1 n
Bij Qij hk2 hk2 1
2 k 0
k
1 n
Dij Qij hk3 hk3 1
3 k 0
k

37

Constitutive Equations in
Matrix Form
Nx
N
y

A 11
A
12

Nxy
A 16

B11
Mx
B12
My

Mxy
B16

A 12
A 22

A16
A 26

B11
B12

B12
B22

A 26
B12

A 66
B16

B16
D11

B26
D12

B22
B26

B26
B66

D12
D16

D22
D26

B16 ox

B26 oy
B66 oxy

D16 x
D26 y

D66 xy

38

Symmetric Laminates
For every layer to one side of the laminate
reference surface with a specific thickness,
material properties, and fiber orientation,
there is another layer an identical distance on
the opposite side
All components of [B] are zero
6x6 set of equations decouples into two 3x3
sets of equations

39

Balanced Laminates
For every layer with a specified thickness,
material properties, and fiber orientation,
there is another layer with the identical
thickness, material properties, but opposite
fiber orientation somewhere in the laminate
If a laminate is balanced, A16 and A26 are
always zero
Q16 & Q26 from opposite orientation have
opposite signs

40

Effective Engineering
Properties of a Laminate
2
A 11 A 22 A 12
Ex
A 22 h
2
A 11 A 22 A 12
Ey
A 11 h

A 66
Gx
h
A 12
xy
A 22
yx

A 12

A 11

41