HISTOLOGI DASAR DAN

NEUROMUSKULER
BAMBANG SOEMANTRI

Epithelial Tissue -- General

Features
Closely packed cells forming
continuous sheets
Cells sit on basement membrane
Apical (upper) free surface
Avascular---without blood vessels
nutrients diffuse in from underlying
connective tissue

Good nerve supply

Rapid cell division
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Basement Membrane
Basal lamina
from epithelial cells
collagen fibers

Reticular lamina
secreted by
connective tissue
cells
reticular fibers

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holds cells to
connective tissue
guide for cell
migration
during
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Types of Epithelium
Covering and lining epithelium
epidermis of skin
lining of blood vessels and ducts
lining respiratory, reproductive, urinary
& GI tract

Glandular epithelium
secreting portion of glands
thyroid, adrenal, and sweat glands
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Classification of Epithelium
Classified by arrangement of cells into
layers

simple = one cell layer thick

stratified = many cell layers thick
pseudostratified = single layer of cells where
all cells dont reach apical surface
nuclei at found at different levels so it looks
multilayered

Classified by shape of surface cells

squamous =flat
cuboidal = cube-shaped
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Naming Epithelium
First name is the number of layers in
the tissue (simple, stratified,
pseudostratified)
Middle name is the cell shape of the
tissue (I.e. flat, cubed, column)
Last name is the tissue type which is
epithelium
Sometimes we add a modifier in the
beginning i.e. ciliated
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Simple Squamous
Epithelium

Single layer of flat cells

lines blood vessels (endothelium), body cavities
(mesothelium)
very thin --- controls diffusion, osmosis and filtration
nuclei centrally located

Cells in direct contact with each other

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Simple Squamous
Epithelium

Allows rapid diffusion of substances; secretes

serous fluid
Found in alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, &
serosa
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Examples of Simple
Squamous

Surface view of
lining of peritoneal
cavity

Section of
intestinal showing
serosa

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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Single layer of cube-shaped cells viewed from the side

Nuclei round and centrally located
Lines tubes of kidney
Absorption or secretion

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Simple Cuboidal
Epithelium

Single row of cube-shaped cells

Liver, thyroid, mammary, salivary and other glands, bronchioles, and most kidney tubules

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Nonciliated Simple
Columnar

Single layer rectangular cells

Unicellular glands =goblet cells secrete mucus
lubricate GI, respiratory, reproductive and urinary
systems

Microvilli = fingerlike cytoplasmic projections

for absorption
in GI tract (stomach12to anus)
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Simple Columnar
Epithelium
Goblet cell

Microvilli

Single row of tall, narrow cells

Secretion of mucus
Inner lining of GI tract, uterus, & uterine
tubes
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Ex. Nonciliated Simple

Columnar

Section from small intestine

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Ciliated Simple Columnar

Epithelium

Single layer rectangular cells with cilia

Mucus from goblet cells moved along by
cilia
found in respiratory system and
uterine tubes
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Ex. Ciliated Simple

Columnar

Section of uterine tube

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Stratified Squamous
Epithelium
Several cell layers
thick
Surface cells flat
Keratinized = surface
cells dead and filled
with keratin
skin (epidermis)

Nonkeratinized = no
keratin in moist living
cells at surface
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mouth, vagina

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Example of Stratified
Squamous

Section of vagina
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Stratified Squamous

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Stratified Cuboidal
Epithelium

Multilayered
Surface cells
cuboidal
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rare (only found in

sweat gland ducts
20 urethra)
& male

Stratified Cuboidal
Epithelium

Secretes sweat; ovarian hormones &

produces sperm
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Stratified Columnar
Epithelium
Multilayered
Surface cells columnar
Rare (very large ducts & part of male
urethra)

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Transitional Epithelium

Multilayered
Surface cells varying in shape
from round to flat if stretched
Lines hollow organs that
expand from within (urinary
bladder)
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Transitional Epithelium

Multilayered epithelium with rounded

surface cells that flatten when the tissue
is stretched
Stretches to allow filling of urinary tract
Found in urinary tract -- bladder
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Pseudostratified Columnar

Single cell layer

All cells attach to
basement membrane
but not all reach free
surface
Nuclei at varying
depths
Respiratory system,
male urethra &
epididymis

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Pseudostratified Epithelium
Cilia

Goblet cell

Basal cell

Single row of cells

nuclei give layer a stratified look
Found in respiratory system
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Glandular Epithelium
Derived from epithelial cells that sank below the
surface during development
Exocrine glands
cells that secrete---sweat, ear wax, saliva, digestive
enzymes onto free surface of epithelial layer
connected to the surface by tubes (ducts)
unicellular glands or multicellular glands

Endocrine glands
secrete hormones into the bloodstream
hormones help maintain homeostasis

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Function of connective
tissue
Providing structural support
Serving s a medium for exchange
Aiding in the defense and protection
of the body
Forming a site for storage of fat

Providing structural support

bone, cartilage and the ligament
holding the bones together
Tendons attaching muscles to bone
Connective tissue that forms the
capsule
The stroma forming the structural
framework within organs

Medium of exchange
Metabolite waste
Nutrients
oxygen

Defense and protection

The body phagocytic cells
The body immunocompetent cells,
which produce antibodies against
antigen
Certain cells that produce
pharmacological substances that
help in controlling inflamation

Connective Tissue
3 basic elements: Cells, ground
substance, fibers
Matrix = ground substance and
fibers
Fibers, 3 types:
CoLLagen- thick, found in bone, cartilage,
ligaments, tendons
Elastic- thin, found in skin, blood vessel walls,
lung
Reticular- medium sized, found in basement
membrane, organs

Highly vascular usually

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Connective Tissues
Cells rarely touch due to extracellular matrix
Matrix(fibers & ground substance) secreted
by cells
Consistency varies from liquid, gel to solid
Does not occur on free surface
Good nerve & blood supply except cartilage &
tendons

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Cellular component
Fixed cells
Fibroblast
Adipose cells
Pericytes
Mast cells
Macrophage

 Transient cells
Plasma cells
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Macrophages

 Fibroblast:
Themost abundant cell type in the c.t,
are responsible for the synthesis of
aalmost all of the extracellular matrix

Pericytes:
Surround endothel;ial cells of capllaries
and small venules.

Adipose cells:
That function in the synthesis, storage
and release of fat.

 Mast cells:
Arise from bone marrow stem cells and
function in mediating the inflamatory process
and immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Macrophage:
Belong to the mononuclear phagocytic
system and are subdivided into two groups of
cells, phagocytes ang antigen-presenting
cells

Plasma cells:
Are derived from B lyphocytes and
manufacture antibodies

Leukocytes:

 Leukocytes;
Leukocytes exit the bloodstream during
inflamation, invasion by foreign
elements, and immune responses in
order to perform farious functions

Connective Tissue Ground

Substance
Supports the cells and fibers
Helps determine the consistency of
the matrix
fluid, gel or solid

Contains many large molecules

hyaluronic acid is thick, viscous and
slippery
condroitin sulfate is jellylike substance
providing support
adhesion proteins (fibronectin) binds
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collagen fibers
to ground substance 40

Classification of connective
tissue

 Embryonic c.t:
Mesenchymal c.t
Mucous c.t

Connective tissue proper

Loose (areolar) c.t
Dense c.t
Dense irregular c.t
Dense regular c.t

Specialized c.t
Cartilage
Bone
blood

Embryonic Connective Tissue:

Mesenchyme

Irregularly shaped cells

In semifluid ground substance with
reticular fibers
Gives rise toShina
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other
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2005

Embryonic connective
tissue

Mesenchymal connective tissue

Present only in the embryo

Consist of mesenchymal cells
Gellike, amorphous grond substance
Reticular fibers

Mucous tissue
Loose, amorphous c.t
Jelly like matrix primarily composed of
hyaluronic acid
Colagen fibers and fibroblast

Areolar Connective Tissue

Cell types = fibroblasts, plasma cells,

macrophages, mast cells and a few white blood
cells
All 3 types of fibers present
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Gelatinous ground
substance

Areolar Tissue

Loose arrangement of collagenous and elastic fibers,

scattered cell types & abundant ground substance
Underlying all epithelia forming passageway for
nerves & blood vessels; fascia between46muscles

Areolar Connective Tissue

Black = elastic fibers,

Pink = collagen fibers
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Nuclei
are mostly fibroblasts

Adipose tissue
Is classified into two types of
unilocular or multilocular according
to :
whether it is composed
Color
Vascularity
Metabolic activity

White (unilocular) adipose

tissue
Each unilocular fat cell contains a single
lipid droplet, giving the adipose tissue
composed of such cells a white color
Brown (multilocular) Adipose Tssue (brown
fat)
is composed of multilocular fat cells, which
store fat in multiple droplets. In the
newborn human, brown fat is located in the
neck region and in the interscapular region.

Adipose Tissue

Peripheral nuclei due to large fat storage droplet

Deeper layer of skin, organ padding, yellow marrow
Reduces heat loss, energy storage, protection
Brown fat found in infants has more blood vessels
and mitochondria and responsible for heat
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generation

Adipose Tissue

Energy storage, insulation, space filled as

cushioning
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Dense Connective Tissue

More fibers present but
fewer cells
Types of dense connective
tissue
dense regular connective
tissue
dense irregular connective
tissue
Dense regular elastic
connectiveShina
tissue
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Dense Regular Connective

Tissue

Collagen fibers in parallel bundles with

fibroblasts between bundles of collagen fibers
White, tough and pliable when unstained (forms
tendons)
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Also known as Shina
white
fibrous connective
tissue

Dense Regular Connective

Tissue

Densely, packed, parallel collagen fibers

Tendons & ligaments hold bones together
and attach muscles to bones
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Dense Irregular Connective

Tissue

Collagen fibers are irregularly arranged

(interwoven)
Tissue can resist tension from any direction
Very tough tissue
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-- 2005
white of eyeball,
dermis

Dense Irregular Connective

Tissue

Densely packed collagen fibers running

randomly
Withstands stresses applied in different
directions
Deeper portion of skin; capsules around
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organs

Reticular tissue

The major fiber component is type III collagen

The collagen fibers form mesh-like networks interspersed with fibroblast and macreophjages
The fibroblast that synthesize the type III collagen.
Reticular tissue forms the architectural framework of liver sinusoids, adipose tissue, bone marrow,
lymph node, spleen, smooth mascle and islet of Langerhans.

Reticular Tissue

Loose network of reticular fibers and cells

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MUSCLE

Types of muscle tissue

3 types of muscle
tissue:
Skeletal
striated,
voluntary.
Cardiac
striated,
involuntary.
Smooth
(visceral)
nonstriated, involuntary.

Functions of muscle tissue

Muscle tissue performs three
functions:
movement and stabilisation
storage and movement of substances
within the body
generation of heat

Properties of muscle tissue

Electrical excitability

responds
to
certain
stimuli
transmission of action potentials

by

Contractility

shortens, generating tension

Extensibility

can be stretched without damage

Elasticity

returns
to
original
contraction or extension

shape

after

Skeletal
muscle

 Skeletal muscle is composed of:

Long
Cylindrical
Multinucleated cells, whose nuclei are
perypherally located

That undergo voluntary contraction

to facilitate movement of the body or
its part

 Skeletal muscle is pink to red because:

Its rich vascular supply
The presence of myoglobin

Classified as red, white and

intermediate, depending on the
Fiber diameter
Quantity of myoglobin
Number of mitochondria
Extensiveness of the sarcoplasmic
reticulum
Concentration of various enzymes
The rate of contraction

Nerve and blood supply

Nerves and blood vessels
travel through connective
tissues to the muscle fibres.
Motor neurons

convey impulses for

muscular contraction
Neuromuscular
junction
Blood vessels

provide nutrients and

oxygen for contraction
Each muscle fibre in
contact with one or
more capillaries

Gross structure of skeletal

muscle
Skeletal muscle fibres
surrounded by fibrous
connective tissue (dense
irregular)
Extensions of connective
tissue form:
epimysium - surrounds
entire muscle
perimysium - surrounds
fasciculi
endomysium - surrounds
individual muscle fibres
Continuous with
tendons and
aponeuroses

Hitology of skeletal muscle

Sarcolemma: muscle cell membrane
Sarcoplasma: cytoplasm
Sarcoplasmic reticulum: smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
Sarcosomes: mitochondria
Muscle cells frequently are called
muscle fibers

Histology of skeletal muscle

Skeletal
fibres (cells)

muscle

Sarcolemma
Transverse tubules
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
Sarcoplasm
myoglobin
Multiple nuclei
Myofibrils
Other organelles

Skeletal Muscle

Cells are long cylinders with many

peripheral nuclei
Visible light and dark banding (looks
striated)
Voluntary or
conscious control 70
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The sarcomere
Myofibrils
compartmentali
sed into
sarcomeres.

The sarcomere
Myofibrils
compartmentali
sed into
sarcomeres.

Histology of skeletal muscle

Myofibrils consist of :
Contractile proteins
Organised into
myofilaments
Actin - thin
myofilaments
Myosin - thick
myofilaments
Regulatory proteins

Histology of skeletal muscle

Myofibrils consist of :
Contractile proteins
Organised into myofilaments
Actin - thin myofilaments
Myosin - thick myofilaments

Regulatory proteins
Troponin
Tropomyosin

Histology of skeletal muscle

Structural proteins
Titin
Stabilises position of thick
filament
Coiled aspect provides elasticity
and extensibility
Myomesin
Forms M-line which binds thick
filaments together
Dystrophin
Links thin filaments to integral
proteins of sarcolemma
Sarcolemmal proteins attach
to proteins in connective
tissue surrounding muscle
fibre
Transmits force to
surrounding connective
tissue

Neuromuscular junction
Neuromuscular junction

junction of motor neuron

axon

terminal

and

muscle

fibre sarcolemma
Acetylcholine released at
junction
Depolarises
sarcolemma leading to
generation of muscle
action potential

Contraction of skeletal
muscle
Skeletal muscle
contracts
according to
the sliding
filament theory

Motor unit
Motor unit
motor neuron and
the muscle fibres it
stimulates.
Number of fibres in a
motor unit variable
All fibres within motor
unit same type
Muscle fibres typically
dispersed throughout
muscle

Motor unit
All-or-none principle
all fibres in motor unit contract maximally
or not at all
Hennemans size principle
Motor units recruited according to size of
motor neuron
Size of motor axon related to number of
muscle fibres it innervates and size of cell
body within spinal cord
Smaller motor units recruited first (i.e.
generally slow twitch)

Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle tissue
found only in the walls
of the heart
Fibres
contain single central
nucleus.
branch freely connected via gap
junctions.
have very high aerobic
capacity

Contract according to
sliding filament theory

Cardiac Muscle

Cells are branched cylinders with one central

nuclei
Involuntary and striated
Attached to andShina
communicate
with81each other
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Smooth
muscle

Types of smooth muscle

tissue

Single-unit

Autorhythmic
Coupled by gap junctions
contract synchronously
Located in walls of small
arteries, hollow organs etc

Multi-unit
independent innervated
fibres
Located in walls of large
arteries, airways of lungs,
arrector pili, ciliary body
that adjusts lens in eye etc

Smooth Muscle Histology

Single, oval, centrally
located nucleus
No T-tubules
Poorly developed
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Actin and myosin not in
orderly sarcomeres
no troponin-tropomyosin.
Contain intermediate
filaments and dense
bodies
During contraction tension
transmitted to
intermediate filaments
which pull on dense
bodies

Smooth Muscle

Spindle shaped cells with a single central nucle

Walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, GI tract,
bladder)
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Characteristics of smooth
muscle
Contraction and relaxation of
smooth muscle fibres slower and
longer lasting compared with
skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle can shorten and
stretch to a greater extent than
other muscle types

Contraction of smooth
muscle

Increase in cytosolic Ca2+ initiates contraction

Calcium comes from interstitial fluid and SR
Takes more time than in skeletal muscle
Contributes to slower onset of contraction

Calcium - binds to calmodulin

Calmodulin activates myosin light chain kinase
Myosin light chain kinase transfers
phosphate group from ATP to myosin to activate
myosin head
Myosin light chain kinase works slowly contributes to slow rate of contraction

Contraction of smooth
muscle

Smooth muscle fibres contract in

response to:

action potentials from autonomic nervous

system
Stretching
Hormones
Local factors

pH
O2 and CO2 levels
Temperature
Ion concentrations