Lecture 2:

Deep Foundations
Engr. Muhammad Asif
UCE&T, B Z University, Multan.

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Foundations
 Types of Foundations

Type of foundation depends on whether the load transfer is at

deeper depths or shallower depths - Need for these two types
(soil strength, ground water conditions, foundation loads,
construction methods and impact on adjacent property)
Deep Foundation
 Deep foundations penetrate through upper
layers of incompetent soil in order to transfer load to
competent bearing soil or rock deeper within the
earth.
 These foundations penetrate incompetent soil until a
satisfactory bearing stratum is reached. This is
usually at depths >3 m below finished ground level.
 Deep foundations usually L/B > 5
 L = pile length, B = dia. or breadth of pile
 Deep Foundations
Extend several dozen feet below the building
1. Piles
2. Piers
3. Caissons (kay-son])
4. Compensated Foundation

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1. Piles
Pile
Piles are relatively long, slender members that
transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low
bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having a
high bearing capacity.
or
Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to
carry and transfer the load of the structure to the
bearing ground located at some depth below ground
surface.
Piles

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Piles Foundation is used when:
i. The soil near the surface doesn’t have sufficient
bearing capacity (weak) to support the structural
loads.

ii. The estimated settlement of the soil exceeds

tolerable limits.

iii.Differential settlement due to soil variability or non-

uniform structural loads is excessive.

iv. Excavations to construct a shallow foundation on a

firm soil are difficult or expensive.

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Load Can Be Transferred By Pile to The
Ground By 2 Way i.e.:

a. End Bearing Piles

Pile will transmit load

into the firm soil layer of
the ground such as rock,
gravel, very dense sand.

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Base enlargement tool
b. Friction Piles
Pile transmit the load
from the structure to
the penetrable soil by
means of skin friction
or cohesion between
the soil & the
embedded surface of
the pile.
There are 2 types of End Bearing Piles. That is preformed Timber Pile & In-Situ Reinforced Concrete Pile

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Friction Pile May Be Used To Support DownWard Load
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Types Of Piles
a) Concrete Piles
i. Cast-In-Place Concrete Piles
ii. Precast Concrete Piles
iii. Drilled Shafts
b) Steel Piles (Driven piles)
i) H-Piles ii) Cylindrical iii) Tapered
c) Timber Piles (Driven piles)
d) Composite Piles

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A. Concrete Piles
a) Concrete Piles
i. Cast-In-Place Concrete Piles
ii. Precast Concrete Piles
iii. Drilled Shafts
 i. Cast In Place Concrete Piles
a. Formed by driving a cylindrical steel shell into the
ground to the desired depth and cavity of shell is
filled with fluid concrete.

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ii. Precast Concrete Piles

a. Usually have square/circular/octagonal cross

sections.
b. Fabricated in a construction yard from
reinforced or pre-stressed concrete.

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Solid Precast Concrete
(Displacement Pile)
iii. Drilled Pile
 A Drilled Pile removes soil from the ground and the
resulting round hole is filled with concrete or grout.
B. Steel Piles
i. It comes in various shapes & sizes
ii. Steel H-Piles are rolled steel sections
iii. Steel pipe piles are seamless pipes that can be
welded to yield lengths up to 70m.
iv. They are usually driven with open ends into the
soil.
v. A conical tip is used where the piles have to
penetrate boulders & rocks.

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 Combination Piles
(Precast Concrete & “H” Pile Points)
Open End Pipe (Non-Displacement Pile)
Timber Piles
C. Timber Piles
i. Have been used since ancient times
ii. Easy to cut and splice.
iii.  Requires no special handling.
iv.  The pile length is usually limited to less than
100 feet.
v.  Timber piles have a limited load-carrying ability.
vi.  Subject to insect attack and organic decay.

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Types Of Pile Chosen Depends
On Following Factors:

a) What type of pile is readily available

b) Location & type of structure (magnitude of loading)
c) Ground Condition (soil type)
d) Cost
e) Durability

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2. Piers
2. Piers
 Piers are foundations for carrying a heavy structural
load which is constructed in situ in a deep
excavation.
 It’s a vertical bridge support.

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Pier 45
Pier 46
Pier
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3. Caissons
Caissons
Caisson Foundation

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 What Is Caissons?

 It’s a prefabricated hollow box or cylinder.

 It is sunk into the ground to some desired depth and
then filled with concrete thus forming a foundation.
 Most often used in the construction of bridge piers &
other structures that require foundation beneath
rivers & other bodies of water.
 This is because caissons can be floated to the job site
and sunk into place.

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 Basically it is similar in form to pile foundation but
installed using different way used when soil of
adequate bearing strength is found below surface
layers of weak materials such as fill or peat.
 It’s a form of deep foundation which are
constructed above ground level, then sunk to the
required level by excavating or dredging material
from within the caisson.

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Reinforced Concrete Caissons
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Caissons
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Chenab Bridge
Multan
4.Compensated foundations
4. Compensated foundations

 Compensated foundations are deep foundations in

which the relief of stress due to excavation is
approximately balanced by the applied stress due to
the foundation. The net stress applied is therefore
very small. A compensated foundation normally
comprises a deep basement.
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