Professional Documents
Culture Documents
overview
Structure of manuscript
Elements
Authors note
Abstract
Introduction of the problem
Method
Results
Discussion
References
Footnotes
Appendices and supplemented materials
Introduction
structure of the manuscript
following kinds of information are included:
a definition or description of the manuscript part,
specific guidelines on content to be included, and
guidelines on how the part should appear in text.
Publication Manual
updated journal article reporting standards, and also discussed.
abstract
introduction of the research problem,
method section, the results, and
discussion of the results.
Manuscript (document)
Elements
Title:
Example
Mary S. Haggerty
Rochester, New York
David Wolf
University of California, Berkeley Amanda Blue
Brandon University
New
Author Note
to identify each author's departmental affiliation,
provide acknowledgments,
perceived conflict of interest, and
provide a point of contact for the interested
reader.
Introduction
Third paragraph: Acknowledgments.
Identify grants or other financial support for your
study
explain any special agreements concerning authorship
thanks for personal assistance
Special circumstances, disclose them before the
acknowledgments in the third paragraph.
Fourth paragraph: Provide a complete mailing address
for correspondence.
John Smith, Department of Educational Psychology, University of
Chicago.
John Smith is now at Department of Psychology, University of
California, San Diego.
Abstract
Brief & comprehensive summary
allows readers to survey the contents quickly and
like a title
single paragraph
range from 150 to 250 words.
A good abstract is
Accurate
no evaluative
coherent and readable
concise
Introduction
INTRODUCTION (Continue.)
Importance of the problem
State why the problem deserves new research
Demonstrate the logical continuity between
previous and present work.
Describe relevant scholarship
provides a summary of the most recent directly
related work
recognizes the priority of the work of others.
inform readers whether other aspects of this
study have been reported on previously and how
the current use of the evidence differs from
earlier uses.
Method
Describes how the study was conducted, including conceptual
and operational definitions of the variables
Different types of studies will rely on different methodologies;
complete description of the methods used enables the reader
to evaluate the appropriateness of your methods and the
reliability and the validity of your results.
Method (continue.)
Sampling procedures. Describe the procedures
for selecting participants, including
(a) the sampling method, if a systematic
sampling plan was used;
(b) the percentage of the sample approached that
participated; and
(c) the number of participants who selected
themselves into the sample.
Method (continue.)
Sample size, power, and precision.
Along with the description of subjects, give the
intended size of the sample
number of individuals meant to be in each
condition,
State how this intended sample size was
determined (e.g., analysis of power or precision).
describe the methodology and results.
Method (continue.)
Measures and covariates.
Describe the methods used to collect data (e.g.,
written questionnaires, interviews, observations) as
well as methods used to enhance the quality of the
measurements (e.g., the training and reliability of
assessors or the use of multiple observations).
Provide information on instruments used, including
their psychometric and biometric properties and
evidence of cultural validity.
Method (continue.)
Research design.
Specify the research design in the Method section.
Experimental manipulations or interventions.
If interventions or experimental manipulations were used in the
study, describe their specific content.
It involve presenting a brief summary of instructions given to
participants.
Describe the methods of manipulation and data acquisition.
Provide information about
(a) the setting where the intervention or manipulation was
delivered,
(b) the quantity and duration of exposure to the intervention or
manipulation
(c) the time span taken for the delivery of the intervention or
manipulation to each unit
(d) activities or incentives used to increase compliance.
Results
summarize the collected data and the analysis
performed on those data
Report the data in sufficient detail to justify your
conclusions.
Mention all relevant results, including those that run
counter to expectation
Discussing the implications of the results
Recruitment.
Provide dates defining the periods of recruitment and
follow-up and the primary sources of the potential
subjects, where appropriate. If these dates differ by
group, provide the values for each group.
Discussion (continue.)
Your interpretation of the results should take
into account
sources of potential bias and other threats to
internal validity,
the imprecision of measures,
the over-all number of tests or overlap among
tests,
the effect sizes observed, and
other limitations or weaknesses of the study.
References
Footnotes
Footnotes are used to provide additional content
or to acknowledge copyright permission status.
Content footnotes
Content footnotes supplement or amplify
essential information in the text;
they should not include complicated, irrelevant,
or nonessential information. Because they can be
distracting to readers, such footnotes should be
included only if they strengthen the discussion.
(continue.)
Copyright permission: Copyright permission footnotes
acknowledge the source of lengthy quotations, scale and test items,
and figures and tables that have been reprinted or adapted. Authors
must obtain permission to reproduce or adapt material from a
copyrighted source.
A numbered footnote is generally used to provide source material
for long quotations. For tables, the source material is provided in
a table note, and for figures, the source is credited at the end of
the caption.
Use the wording below for copyright permission footnotes.
Type of source Copyright permission footnote
Journal From [or The data in column 1 are from] "Title of Article,"
by A. N. Author and C. O. Author, year, TItle of Journal, Volume, p.
xx. Copyright [year] by the Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or
adapted] with permission.
(continue.)
Supplemental materials.
lengthy computer code,
details of mathematical or computational models,
audio or video clips,
oversized tables,
detailed intervention protocols,
primary or supplementary data sets,
expanded methodology sections, and
color figures.