Applications of lanthanides

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Nadia.07
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Komal59
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Maryam82
Aysha.83
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Aysha narmeen86

Contents
Introduction to lanthanide series
Applications in glass polishing and ceramics
Radio active behavior and applications
Catalytic application of lanthanides
Applications in electronic industry
Applications in medical field
Applications in petroleum industry
Magnetic behavior and applications
In life science
phosphors

Introduction to lanthanide series

The lanthanide or lanthanoid series of chemical elements comprises

the fifteen metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57 through

71, from lanthanum through lutetium. These fifteen lanthanide elements,
along with the chemically similar elements scandium and yttrium, are
often collectively known as the rare earth elements.
The informal chemical symbol Ln is used in general discussions of
lanthanide chemistry to refer to any lanthanide. All but one of the
lanthanides are f-block elements, corresponding to the filling of the
4f electron shell; lutetium, a d-block element, is also generally
considered to be a lanthanide due to its chemical similarities with the
other fourteen. All lanthanide elements form trivalent cations, Ln 3+,
whose chemistry is largely determined by the ionic radius,
which decreases steadily from lanthanum to lutetium.

Glass polishing and ceramics industry

Used in the production of optical
lenses:
Some oxides of lanthanides are used in
the producn High quality optical lenses
that are used in
different areas of
research and daily life . Praseodymium is
used in premium quality optical products
such as mirrors and lenses.

In colouring of glass:
Europium and yttrium oxides to produce the red colors on
television screens. Neodymium is used not only to impart
color to glass but also to decolorize the glass. When added
to glass used as welders goggles, Neodymium and
praseodymium absorb the eye damaging radiations from
welding.

 Use in the production of UV resistance glass:

Praseodymium is an element that is sued in the
Production of UV resistance glass which is used
For night were goggles and those glass which place
In direct contect with sun light.

To impart strength , inertness, and hardness :

They have been used to impart hardness, inertness and strength to

structural Material such as glass windows and glass doors.
To increase the refractive index :
Lanthanum oxide is introduced into silicate, borate, and borosilicate glasses to
increase the refractive index, these oxides of Cerium, neodymium, Europium
Erbium.

Nuclear industry
The lanthanides have a variety of nuclear application
Used as beta source
Cerium-147 is an element that is used as beta source in
Different to treat health conditions such as eye and bone cancer and are also used as
tracers. Beta particles are also used in quality control to test the thickness of an item,
such as paper, coming through a system of rollers. Some of the beta radiation is
absorbed while passing through the product. If the product is made too thick or thin,
a correspondingly different amount of radiation will be absorbed.

Nuclear powered battery:

Promethium is used in the production of nuclear

Powered batteries that are used in nuclear power
Stations.

Nuclear industry
Use as tracers:
Nonreactive tracer, Yb-DTPA have been used to detect CSF. The tracer was injected, after
which the leakage of CSF aparent as increased radioactivity in gastric juice . Lanthanides
tracer have been used as digesta markers in nutritional studies on experimental animals .

For radiotherapy:
Radiotherapy is the use of high-energy rays, usually x-rays and similar rays (such as
electrons) to treat disease. Lutetium is used in the radiotherapy of breast tumar.
153Sm,166Dy,166Ho,161Tb and '177Lu these are
Some other lanthanides that are used in
radiotherapy.
Tomography:
In this study, nanosized liposomes were designed and labeled with the radionuclides,
holmium-166 (both a beta- and gamma-emitter and also highly paramagnetic) or
technetium-99m, and coloaded with paramagnetic gadolinium allowing multimodality
SPECT and MR imaging and radionuclide therapy with one single agent.

Catalytic and chemical uses

In the production of gasoline;
As catalysts (substances that speed up chemical
reaction), the lanthanides are widely used in the oil
refining industry since they speed up the conversion
of crude petroleum into widely used consumer
products such as gasoline.

Refining of crude oil;

The main lanthanide used
for this purpose is cerium,
mixed with small amounts of
lanthanum, neodymium, and
praseodymium.
These
metals are also widely used
in the petroleum industry for
refining of crude oil into
gasoline products.

Catalytic and chemical industry

Use as bio fuel catalysts.
Lanthanides are use as fuel additives and biofuel catalyst such as cerium oxide.
The difficulty with earlier lanthanides based catalyst that they were know to clog with
filters and cause abrasion and blockage to the engines.

Automotive catalytic converters.

some lanthanides elements are use as
automotive catalytic converter as samarium,
europium,gadolinium,terbium. Acatalytic
converteris an emissions control device that
converts toxic gases andpollutantsinexhaust gasto less toxic pollutants
bycatalyzing aredoxreaction.
In automobile-exhaust emission control.
Exhaust gasorflue gasis emitted as a result
of thecombustionof fuels such asnatural gas
,gasoline, petrol, biodiesel blends,diesel fuel,
fuel oil, orcoal.Some lanthanides are use for ,
Control of this emission.

In electronic industry
Use in making search lights:
Other lanthanide compounds are
used in street lights, searchlights,
and in the high-intensity lighting in
sports stadiums. Praseodymium is
commonly used for this.
To form silicon chips:
Some lanthanides because of their
good
heat
and
electrical
conductivity are used to form chips
in semiconductors as ytterbium,
Praseodymium and neodymium .
Long life rechargeable batteries:
Dysporium, europium and terbium is
use in the production of long life
batteries.
Lasers
Praseodymium,
gadolinium,

Electronic industry:
LEDs:

An LED
lamp is
a light-emitting
diode(LED) product which is assembled
into a lamp (or light bulb) for use
in lightin fixtures. Europium for example
is used in the red phosphor in television
screens and in energy-efficient LED light
bulbs, while neodymium

CFLs:
uorescent lamp,electric discharge
lamp, cooler and more efficient
thanincandescent
lamps,
that
produces light by thefluorescenceof
a
phosphor
coating.
A
fluorescentlampconsists of a glass
tube
filled
with
a
mixture
ofargonandmercury
vapour.Ytterbiumand lutium are used

Applications in medical industry

Magnetic resonance imagery (MRI)

Its success and development as an imaging technique has been aided by the
characteristics of contrast agents that enhance signal intensities and improve
specificity. Gadolinium(iii) remains the dominant starting material for contrast agent
design but other lanthanide ions (and other oxidation states i.e. +2) are also being
increasingly investigated as alternatives to gadolinium(III) within laboratory
conditions.

Portable x-ray machines:

Ytterbium is used as a source of X-rays in portable radiology equipment, Thulium is
used as a source of X-rays in portable radiology equipment and promithium is also
used.
For genetic screening tests
Genetic testingis a type of medical test that identifies changes
in chromosomes, genes or proteins. Genetic tests examine a person's
DNA in a variety of ways. Very High quality luminating elements are
used in genetic testing as Eurbium, Gadolinium and terbium.

Medical industry
Cancer treatment applications:
The time resolving luminescence of lanthanides has reveals to be ideal candidate
for the imaging a cancerous cell. Guanine nucleotides consist of several subunits.
Luminescence of Tb(|||) complex with norfloxin is sensitive to determine the
concentration of phosphates.

Medical and dental lasers

The term laser stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
Gadolinium, samarium, tholium, lutieum, dasporsium are all uesd to makes the lases
that have tha applications in medical and dental area.

In developing technology
High temperature superconductors
Erbium is an element that is extensivly used in the production of high
temperature superconductors.

Developing technology

Applications as phosphors
pH probes
Protonationof basic sites in systems comprising a chromophore and a luminescent metal
center leads the way for pH sensors. Some initially proposed systems were based on pyridine
derivatives but these were not stable in water.
Hydrogen peroxide sensor
This ligand can be used as a hydrogen peroxide chemical sensor
Hydrogen peroxide can be detected with high sensitivity by the luminescence of lanthanide
probeshowever only at relatively high pH values. A lanthanide-based analytical procedure
was proposed in 2002 based on the finding that the europium complex with tetracycline binds
hydrogen peroxide forming a luminescent complex. [
Estimating molecule size and atom distances
FRET in lanthanide probes is a widely used technique to measure the distance between two
points separated by approximately 15100 Angstrom. Measurements can be done under
physiological conditions in vitro with genetically encoded dyes, and often in vivo as well.
The technique relies on a distant- dependent transfer of energy from a donor fluorophore to
an acceptor dye. Lanthanide probes has been used to study DNA-protein interactions (using
a terbium chelate complex) to measure distances in DNA complexes bent by the CAP protein

Applications as phosphors
Protein conformation

Lanthanide probes have been used to detect conformational changes in proteins. Recently
the Shaker potassium ion channel, a voltage-gated channel involved in nerve impulses was
measured using this technique. Some scientist also have used lanthanide based
luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) which is very similar to FRET to study
conformational changes in RNA polymerase upon binding to DNA and transcription
initiation in prokaryotes.
Virology
Traditional virus diagnostic procedures are being replaced by sensitive immunoassays with
lanthanides. The time resolved fluorescence based technique is generally applicable and its
performance has also been tested in the assay of viral antigens in clinical specimens.
Medical imaging
Several systems have been proposed which combine MRI capability with lanthanides
probes in dual assays. The luminescent probe may for instance serve to localize the MRI
contrast agent. This has helped to visualize the delivery of nucleic acids into cultured cells.
It should be noted in this case that lanthanides are not used for their fluorescence but their
magnetic qualities.

In life science
As mentioned in the industrial applications section
above, lanthanide metals are particularly useful in
technologies that take advantage of their reactivity to
specific wavelengths of light.
Certain life science applications take advantage of the
unique luminescence properties of lanthanide ion
complexes (Ln(III) chelates or cryptates). These are
well-suited for this application due to their large Stokes
shifts and extremely long emission lifetimes
(from microseconds to milliseconds) compared to more
traditional fluorophores.
The biological fluids or serum commonly used in these
research applications contain many compounds and
proteins which are naturally fluorescent. Therefore, the
use of conventional, steady-state fluorescence
measurement presents serious limitations in assay
sensitivity. Long-lived fluorophores, such as
lanthanides, combined with time-resolved detection (a
delay between excitation and emission detection)
minimizes prompt fluorescence interference.

Magnetic applications of lanthanides

Magnetic applications

References
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