CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY TWO SCIENCE

CHAPTER 8: MIXTURES

8.1 COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

Mixtures contain different elements and /

or compounds that are not bonded.
A compound has different properties from
its elements whereas a mixture has
properties of its element or compound.

8.1 COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

Difference between compound and mixture

8.1 COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

Iron is a metal. It is hard, coloured grey,

strong, conducts heat and electricity
and
is magnetic.
Sulfur is a non-metal. It is brittle, yellow
and does not conduct heat and
electricity and is not magnetic.

8.1 COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

When iron and sulfur are heated, they

combined together to form iron sulfide
which does not conduct heat and
electricity and is not magnetic.

8.1 COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

Formation of the compound iron sulfide from iron and sulfur

8.1 COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

Air is a mixture of several different

elements and compounds. Air contains
nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water
vapour and small amount of other gases.

8.1 COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

Composition of air

1% 0% 0%
21%

78%

Nitrogen
Oxygen
Inert gases
Water vapour, dust and
microorganisms
Carbon dioxide

8.2 MORE ABOUT MIXTURES

In science the word pure describes

something only containing a single
substance.
A mixture is not pure.
Alloys are mixtures of metals made by
mixing different metals together and
melting them.

8.2 MORE ABOUT MIXTURES

8.2 MORE ABOUT MIXTURES

Bronze helmet

Brass door
knob

Car body made

from steel

Stainless steel
cutlery

8.2 MORE ABOUT MIXTURES

Mineral water is a mixture because there

are minerals dissolved in the water.

The label in mineral water

8.3 SEPARATING MIXTURES

The substances in a mixture can be

separated easily because they have
different properties.
Properties

Explanation

Example

Physical state

Liquid can be separated from solid by

evaporation

Water can be evaporated from the

copper sulfate solution, leaving the
copper sulfate behind in the dish

Magnetic attraction

Magnetic substance is attracted by

magnet while the other substance is
not

Iron can be separated from sulfur

using a magnet

Boiling point

The substance with lower boiling point

can be separated from the other
substance by distillation

Water with the lower boiling point

can be separated from salt by
changing it to steam and
condensing it back to liquid

Solubility in water

The substance that is insoluble in

water can be filtered and separated
from the other substance that is
soluble in water

Sand can be filtered from a mixture

of sand and salty water

8.3 SEPARATING MIXTURES

Evaporation

Using a magnet

Distillation

Filtration

8.4 CHROMATOGRAPHY

Mixture of different coloured dyes or inks

can be separated using chromatography.
Chromatography is used to study the dyes
used in food as some dyes contain a
mixture of different coloured
substances.

8.4 CHROMATOGRAPHY

Steps in chromatography
A beaker is half filled with water

8.4 CHROMATOGRAPHY

Video on chromatography:

8.5 SOLUTIONS

The substance that dissolves is called a

solute.
The substance that solute dissolves in
is called a solvent.
When a solute dissolves in a solvent, a
solution is formed.
Solute

Solvent

Solution

8.5 SOLUTIONS

Solute, solvent and solution

8.5 SOLUTIONS

When a solution is formed, the solute

particles have simply spread out among
the water molecules. The solute did not
disappear.
If you dissolved a coloured salt such as
copper sulfate, the solution formed is
coloured.
All solutions are transparent. Thus, a
liquid like milk is not a solution.

8.5 SOLUTIONS

Formation of a solution

8.5 SOLUTIONS

The mass of a solution equals to the

total mass of the solute and the solvent.
Mass is conserved when a solution is
formed.
Mass of
solute

Mass of
solvent

Mass of
solution

8.5 SOLUTIONS
Dilute solution

Concentrated
solution

Saturated solution

Similarities
All are prepared by dissolving solutes in solvents
All have clear appearance
Differences

Has little dissolved

solute in it

Has a lot of dissolved

solute in it

Has the maximum

amount of dissolved
solute in it

Can dissolve a lot

more solute

Can only dissolve a

little more solute

Cannot dissolve more

solute

8.6 SOLUBILITY

Solubility is a measure of how much of a

solute dissolves in a solvent.
Some soluble substances are more
soluble than others. If you have 100 cm 3 of
water, you can dissolve a lot of sodium
chloride but only a little lead chloride.

8.6 SOLUBILITY

As the temperature increases, the

solubility of most solutes increases as
well. For example, if you have 100 g of
water at 20 C, you can dissolve 204 g of
sugar in it. If you heat the water to 80 C,
you can dissolve 362 g of sugar in it.

8.7 SOLUBILITY INVESTIGATION

8.7 SOLUBILITY INVESTIGATION

Carrying out solubility investigation

The