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General description
Purpose to reduce the fatigue of the crew on
long flights
Pilot can engage A/P any time
A/P provide 3 axis control
Basically 2 A/P director system fitted to
aircraft
A/P components
Gyros (mechanical or laser)
A sensing element to detect the movement of the aircraft
Computers
Servos
To move the control surfaces( electric or hydraulic)
Mode controller
AUTOPILOT PANEL in cockpit
Basic operations
Gyros develop signals and processed in a computer,
resulting signal is send to operate the a/p servos
Inputs from pilots control panel, navigation, etc will go to
computer to be digitized and summed with other inputs
Servo output moves PFCU to move the control surface
PFCU moved ctrl surface , feed back signal sent to
computer
A/c moved, gyros will pickup this movement by
aerodynamic coupling will provide another negative feed
back signal to computer to control the rate displacement
of ctrl surface.
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Sensing Elements
Sensing elements
Directional gyro
Turn and bank gyro
Attitude gyro
Rate gyro
Altitude control
Other gyros
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A/P Computers
Most data signal is analogue, therefore it need to be
convert to digital data before can be process by
computer. This is done by analogue to digital converter
(A/D converter)
Computer will process the digital input, result will sent
out again
Most of system outside computers are analogue, so
result input from computers need to be convert back to
analogue by a converter (D/A converter)
Then analogue signal can be use to drive motors, relays
etc.
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Servos
Installed either upstream of PFCU or combined within PFCU
Connected in such a way that input move the whole flying
control system include ctrl column called Parallel system
Input only affected flight control system downstream (not
include ctrl column) called Series system
this principle applies to trim actuator and yaw dampers
(normally connected in Series)
2 type of servos
Electric motor servo type
Electrohydraulic servo type
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Electrohydraulic
type
Signals operatedservo
cause valve to cause fluid under
pressure to pass a jack to move the ctrl surface
Servo maybe separate unit1 or combined unit2
with PFCU by duplicate connection to different
hydraulic supply. If one fail, other can continue
but with half authority
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A/P engaged
A/P on, hydraulic pressure is feed to the
auto flight control jack by auto flight servo.
This will move the link(point A) via
summing link to select the main servo
This figure doesnt show by pass valve but
in the event of hydraulic fail, system will
automatically open to allow free flow of
fluid within the main jack.
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Additional info
A/P will disengage when
Pilot select A/P OFF on the mode control panel
Pilot press disconnect button on the control
column
Pilot moves the rudder pedals/control column with
a force greater than a certain threshold
Other A/P is engaged (other than glide slope or go
around mode)
Associated PFCU fails
Certain modes fail (all air data lost)
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Fly-By-Wire
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Basic Operation
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Sidestick controller
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Description
Located on the side console of thepilot,
usually on the right hand side, or outboard
on a two-seatflightdeck.
Typically this is found in aircraft that are
equipped withfly-by-wirecontrol systems
but depends on aircraft manufacturer
Contrasts with the more conventional design
located in the centre of the cockpit between
the pilot's legs, called a Center stick".
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A380-800 Cockpit
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Boeing 777-xxx
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Redundancy
High level of redundancy by:
I. Having multiple computer
II. Separate power supply
III. Mechanical backup for certain control
IV. Different computer supplier
V. Different microprocessor
VI.Computer type
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Disadvantages
Need training to familiar with electronic parts
Dangerous if expose to electromagnetic pulse (EMP)
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Fly by light
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TOPIC 6
P. F . C . U
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What is PFCU?
Powered Flight Control Unit is used to
convert hydraulic pressure to move
the control surface
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Type of PFCU
There are 2 types of PFCU
1.Valve Ram Type
1.Self Contained Type
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Followup
Lever
Structure
Return
Pressur
e
Return
Description
This consist of a servo valve and ram
assembly supplied with hydraulic
power
Hydraulic is supplied from AIRCRAFT
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
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Operation
Hydraulic Jack fix to structure
To control the P.F.C.U. a servo valve (control
valve) is mounted on the jack
The input system, directs fluid to either side of
the jack piston and directs the fluid from the
other side to return
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Description
Consist of self contained unit
Have its OWN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
Electrical supply to operate the hydraulic
pump
Also contains servo valves and a ram
assembly
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Negative Feedback
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Principles
Input from pilot will operate the hydraulic
servo valve
PFCU output jack starts to move
When jack starts to move the movement is felt
back at the selector valve
And it tries to DE-SELECT the servo valve
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Manual Reversion
Some PFCU have a manual reversion
facility
Allows the pilot control manually if the
PFCU fails
Manual Operation will be heavy and
reduced control authority
But is reliable during emergency
PFCU just acts as another mechanical
linkage
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Jacking Procedure
Purpose?
Procedure
1.Before
2.During
3.After
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Before Jacking
Refer to aircraft maintenance manual
Determine Jack specific lifting capacity,condition and general
serviceability.
Check the environment of hangar or tarmac
No one should remain in the aircraft
Aircraft to be jacked must be located in a level position
Protected from the wind
Determine jacking point
Defuel aircraft
Enough manpower
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During jacking
Communication
Raised or lowered the aircraft evenly
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After Jacking
Lock the jack
Disconnect pneumatic source from
jack
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