B3 Tissue structure and function

KEY IDEA:

The pulmonary system is responsible for efficient exchange of gases.

18. Pulmonary system

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

You
LO1: MUST identify the parts of the pulmonary
system
LO2: SHOULD link structure to function for all
parts of the system
LO3: COULD describe the components of total lung
capacity and explain changes during exercise.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kacMYexDgHg Respiratory system

Heart and lung dissection

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YjJrNfa4KAU

Structure of the lungs

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Gas exchange in the alveoli

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Maintaining the structure of the alveoli

During inhalation, the chest cavity increases in volume,
lowering the pressure in the lungs to draw in fresh air.
This decrease in pressure leads to a tendency for the lungs
to collapse. Cartilage keeps the trachea and bronchi open,
but the alveoli lack this structural support.
Lung surfactant is a
phospholipid that coats the
surfaces of the lungs.
Without it, the watery lining
of the alveoli would create a
surface tension, which would
cause them to collapse.
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alveoli

surfactant
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Keeping the airways clear

The walls of the trachea
and bronchus contain
goblet cells, which
secrete mucus made of
mucin. This traps microorganisms and debris,
helping to keep the
airways clear.
The walls also contain ciliated epithelial cells, which are
covered on one surface with cilia. These beat regularly to
move micro-organisms and dust particles along with the
mucus. They contain many mitochondria to provide
energy for the beating cilia.
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Structures of the human lung

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Why do we breathe?
Animals need to maintain a concentration gradient across
their exchange surfaces so that oxygen will diffuse into the
blood and carbon dioxide will diffuse out.

Fish manage this by keeping a

continuous stream of oxygenated
water moving over their gills.

In animals such as mammals and

birds, a concentration gradient is
maintained in the alveoli by the
mechanism of ventilation.
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The mechanism of ventilation

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Composition of inhaled/exhaled air

composition (%)

In one breathing cycle, the air in the lungs loses only some
of its oxygen content. This is why mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation can be effective.

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90 78% 78%
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
N2

inhaled air
exhaled air
21%

15%
0.04% 4%

O2

CO2

<1% 3%

<1% <1%

H2O

other

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Comparing inhaled and exhaled air

What are the big differences between inhaled and exhaled air?
How could you test for these?
Inhaled Air

Exhaled Air

Nitrogen (78%)
Oxygen (20.71%)
Carbon Dioxide (0.1%)
Other

Nitrogen (75.5%)
Oxygen (14.6%)
Carbon Dioxide (4%)
Other

There is another difference

water vapour.

Spirometry

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Spirometric terms

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Haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is a protein making up 95% of the dry mass
of a red blood cell. It is the means of transport of oxygen
around the body.
Haemoglobin is made up of four polypeptide chains, each
bound to one haem group.
Each haem group can
combine with one oxygen
molecule, so that one
molecule of haemoglobin
can combine with a
maximum of four oxygen
molecules. This forms
oxyhaemoglobin.
polypeptide chain
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Gas exchange

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Comparing inhaled and exhaled air

What are the differences between inhaled and exhaled air?
Inhaled Air
Oxygen:

21%

Exhaled Air
Oxygen:

16%

Carbon dioxide: 0.04%

Carbon dioxide:

Water vapour:
small amount

Water vapour:
large amount

4%

What are the main differences?

How could you test for the differences between inhaled
and exhaled air?
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How do we breathe?
Write a paragraph
or series of bullet
points that explain
the stages of our
breathing.
Use both the
diagram and the
table to help your
explanation.
Normal breathing:
Action of rib muscles

Inhalation
Contract and raise ribs

Exhalation
Relax and lower ribs

Action of diaphragm
Volume of lungs (cm3)
Pressure outside (mm Hg)
Pressure in lungs (mm Hg)

Contracts and flattens

3000
760
758

Relaxes and rises

2500
760
762

Measuring Tidal Volume and Vital capacity

1. Measuring Tidal Volume -- Stretch a
round balloon several times to stretch
it out. Inhale normally and then exhale
normally into the balloon. Do not force
your breathing. Pinch the end of the
balloon and measure its diameter.
Repeat this so that you have 3 total
measurements and can take the
average and record it in the table.
2. Measuring Vital Capacity - Repeat
the procedure, only this time inhale as
much air as you can and exhale
forcefully. Record three measurements
in the data table.

Measuring lung volume

Lung Capacity and Exercise Time

7000
Lung Capacity in cc.
6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0

10

15

M inutes of e xercis e pe r day

20

25

30

35

40

45

Factors affecting the volume of the Lungs

Can you see a relationship between lung volume
and certain characteristics in people?
What do you think affects the volume of your
lungs?
How can lung volume be improved?
People with asthma are often encouraged to
swim. Explain how this can help them to manage
their condition.

1,2,3,4,5 poems

Respiration
Releases energy
Glucose and oxygen
Are the raw materials
Occurs in all living things

Write a poem of your own.

Choose one or more of these topics
Respiration
Gas exchange
Inhalation
Exhalation