B3 Tissue structure and function

KEY IDEA:
Smoking can lead to cardiac and respiratory disease.

20. Cardiovascular and respiratory disorders

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

You
LO1: MUST describe the effect of smoking on the
circulatory and respiratory systems
LO2: SHOULD explain the causes of these effects
LO3: COULD relate disorders to changes in tissue
structure or function.

Keeping the airways clear

The walls of the trachea and bronchus contain goblet cells,
which secrete mucus made of mucin. This traps microorganisms and debris, helping to keep the airways clear.
The walls also contain
ciliated epithelial cells,
which are covered on
one surface with cilia.
These beat regularly to
move micro-organisms
and dust particles along
with the mucus.
The epithelial cells contain many mitochondria to provide
energy for the beating cilia.
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Why are respiratory diseases common?

Do you know anyone who has asthma?
Respiratory diseases are very common.
One reason for this is because the
lungs are essentially a dead end.
Any particles that are not removed
by the mucus and cilia remain in
the alveoli and damage the thin
walls of these delicate structures.
This is evident from the lungs of a
smoker, which turn black from the
accumulation of trapped particles.
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Diseases have different causes

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Lung cancer and smoking

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Replacing body parts

Doctors and scientists have developed ways to replace body
parts when they stop functioning due to disease or trauma.
Sometimes, replacement
body parts can be
transplanted from a donor.
Lungs, hearts, kidneys,
livers and corneas are
examples of biological
replacement parts.
Mechanical replacement parts are also used. These might
be put inside the body, for example heart pacemakers.
Larger mechanical parts, such as lung machines and
artificial ventilators, must be used outside the body.
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External artificial aids

Artificial ventilators, and machines to maintain heart and
kidney function, are used outside the body.
This can limit patient mobility:
Some are used intermittently,
such as dialysis machines.
Patients are able to move
around normally between
treatment sessions.
Others must be continuously
attached to the patient. For
example, artificial ventilators are
needed until patients regain the
ability to breathe for themselves.
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Asthma
Asthma is a chronic condition in which the airways narrow
and become inflamed, limiting airflow. It can be triggered by
allergens, dust, exercise, stress, infections etc.
Asthma causes difficulty
breathing, wheezing and
chest tightness, and can be
mild or life-threatening.
Inhalers are used treat asthma.
They contain bronchodilators,
such as salbutamol, to reduce
the narrowing of the airways.
Corticosteroids can also be
used to stop an asthma attack.
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Asthma attack

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Events during an asthma attack

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Heart rate and exercise

During exercise several
changes occur:
the heart rate increases
the rate and depth of
breathing increases
the arteries supplying
the muscles dilate.
These changes help to provide oxygen and glucose to
muscles and remove carbon dioxide more quickly.
Heart rate can also be altered by hormones such as
adrenaline. The presence of adrenaline causes the heart rate
to increase, allowing a quick response to danger.
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How does regular exercise affect the heart?

Regular exercise can strengthen the heart, causing:
the heart to become bigger
the amount of blood pumped by the heart to increase
the walls of the heart to become thicker and stronger.
The result is that the heart becomes a more efficient pump.
The resting pulse rate gets
slower as a person becomes
fitter, because the heart
needs fewer beats to pump
blood round the body.

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Pulse rate graph

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Heart rate during exercise

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Interpret the data

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Heart problems: introduction

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Heart disease and BMI

Obese people have a higher
risk of developing heart disease.
An individuals body mass
index, or BMI, can indicate
whether they are obese.
BMI measures the relative
amounts of fat and muscle
in the body.
Gloria:
Zak:

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1.45 m and 66 kg
BMI = 31
1.85 m and 66 kg
BMI = 19

BMI = body mass (kg)

(height)2 (m)
BMI

Conclusion

<20

underweight

2025

normal

2530

overweight

>30

obese

Use the table to see who

has a greater risk of
developing heart disease.
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