Keynote address, entitled, Burning Global Environmental

Problems and their Amelioration through Problems Solving

Approch delivered by Prof. Y.D. Tiagi, Principal Life Science
Faculty ,Apex Institute of Management and Science, Mansarovar,
Jaipur at the Refresher Course in Environment for University
and College Teachers, being organized by Prof. K.C.Sharma,
Coordinator for Indra Gandhi Centre for H.E.E.P.S,University of
Rajasthan ,Jaipur.
Most Respected Guests , Colleagues, Ladies and Gentlemen
As you are already aware of the fact our life sustaining environment
started degrading, I would say that after the origin of man himself
about a few million years back. In spite of the fact man considers
himself as the most highly evolved and intelligent animal, the activity
of the modern man can be said to be worse than to that of ant and
even a protozoon like Amoeba because these animals do not cause
any harm to follow individuals of their populations and do only good to
the environment.
 Table 2 Radiations of principal interest to Biologists.
Range of Wavelenght Average Energy
Colour KJ mol-1 photons

Ultraviolet 100-407

UV-C 100-286 471

UV-B 280-320 339
UV-A 320-400 332
Visible 400-740

Violet 400-425 290

Blue 425-490 274
Green 490-550 230
Yellow 550-585 212
Orange 585-640 196
Red 640-700 181
Far.red 700-740 166
Infra-red Longer than 740 85
The ancient Hindus The ancient Hindus very rightly worshiped the sun as God
because they not only understood the scientific basis of the sum as life sustainer on
the surface of the earth which every scientist unquestionably accepts today.
COMOSITION OF THE PRIMAEVAL ATMOSPHERE OF THE EARTH:-
The primaeval atmosphere of the earth mainly contained Nitrogen, Oxygen
and Carbon Dioxide besides negligible quanities of noble gases as shown in the
Table 3.

Table 3. Natural Composition of the gare of the Atmosphere (Troposphere) in 1974

Gas % by volume of dry parbper million

S.No air
1 Nitrogem 78.08

2 Oxygen 20.95

3 Carbon dioxide 0.0325 325

4 Neom 0.0018 18
5 Helium 0.0005 5.24
6 Krypton 0.0001 1.14
7 Ozone 0-0.00002 0-0.2
OZONE LAYER:
The high energy radiations coming from the Cosmos if allowed
reach the surface of the earth unhindered would kill and
completely decimate all organisms like a dead body burning in
an electric crematorium. Nature has been very kind in the
origin of life, its evolution and sustenance. When the high
energy radiations fall upon the outers fringe of our
atmosphere, much of their energy gets consumed in breaking
oxygen and other gas molecules into ions and in this way a
thick enevelope called as ionosphere forms around the earth.
Not only all the energy of high energy radiations get consumed
in the formation of ionosphere, 60-75 km above the earths
surface but the remaing high energy radiations also bring
about the ionization of oxygen. This is the first step in the
formation of Ozone layer as a complete envelope around the
earth situated 18-20 Km above it and inner to this is our
atmosphere which mainly consist of O2, N2, and CO2
1 Nitrogen N2 , o2, Co2. This chemical
reaction is shown below
High Energy Radiations (Ultra-violet rays)

3O2

3O2 60+ 2O3

Table 4. Diagram showing the various gaseous envelops on the basis of
distance from earths surface and some of their characteristis

Height Main layer Sublayer Water Vapour Gases Temperature

above Conditions
earths
surfacee
4000 Thermosphere ----------- None Rarified Increase
Inosphere with height
------------ slow
80 Mesosphere None Decreases
with
height
5 Stratosphere Little Ozone
Water Layer
vapour
-----------
Most Water
Vapour

12 Troposphere Clouds Diatomic Decrease

Oxygen with
Height
It is very clear that it is the Ozone layer which protects life upon
the surface of earth against high radiations
A PUZZLE FOR STUDENTS:-
Ozone is heavier (mol, wt. 48 AMU) than oxygen (mol. wt. 32
AMU) How come that Ozoneforms the upper layers outer to the
oxygen layers.
GREENHOUSE MATERIALS:
If an iron rod and a wooden rod of the same size and voloume
are put side by side for a few hours under the midday sum
during the month of June and after which if you touch them you
would understand as to what constitutes a greenhouse and a
non-greenhouse material i.e. a greenhouse material absorbs
heat quickly and gets heated up. The greenhouse gases of the
atmosphere in order of decreasing intensity are :
N2O > CH4 > CO2 > H2O . (water vapour.)
Thus any increase in the concempration of CH4 CO2 and other
greenhouse gases will lead to an increase in the temperature
of the atmosphere which is called global warming.eee
INCREASE IN THE CONCENTRATION OF CO2 IN
THE ATOMOSPHERE DURING THE LAST 150 YEARS:-
Green bacteria and green plants originated on the surface of earth
millions of years ago. Nobody needs to question that
photosynthesis is the major biological process which not only
converts solar energy into chemical energy but that all petroleum
and coals originated from the dead bodies of plants and animals
which became buried long ago deep inside the earth. It was a total
imprisonment of CO2 in the form of fossil fuels, Carbon dioxide
continued to be produced in medium quantities by the respiration of
animals and plants as a result of oxidation of food and in this way
there were practically a little variations in the concentration of CO2
in the atmosphere.
It may therefore be emphasized that a stable Ozone layer is a
sine qua-non for the very existence of life upon the surface of
the earth. If we could imagine that a time will come when on
account of the harmful activities is of man the Ozone layer is
completely destroyed and no life could exist on the earth
GREENHOUSE GASES AND OZONE DEPELITING SUBSTANCES:-
The stability of Ozone molecule is extremely affected by heat.
The main greenhouse gases were present in the primaeval atmosphere in
small and stable quantities. The composition of the atmosphere remained
more or less constant for millions of years. Homo sapiens appeared some
two millions of years back and due to his diverse activities for making him
comfortable the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere increased which
has led to Global Warming which would advance his dooms day.
The greenhouse gases which are responsible for Global Warming are
both naturally produced of but some are of anthropogenic origin are as
under.
Greenhouse gases of natural origin
1. Nitrous oxide (N2O)
2. Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
3. Mehane (CH4)
4. CO2
5 CFCs involved in Ozone depletion: As already emphasized greenhouse
gases absorb colossal quantities of heat energy from the incoming
radiations, as well as infra-red radiations reflected from the surface of the
hot earth.
Table showing natures sources of N2O :-
Natural: N2O mgt/yr.
Proportion
1. Oceans 1.4-3.0 17.2

2. Tropical soin 2.7-5.7 32.8

3. Temperate soil 0.5-2.0 11.5
ANTHROPOGENIC:
4. Biomass burning 0.2-1.6 5.8
5. Cultivated soils 0.03-3.5 20.1
6. Industry 1.3-1.8 10.3
7. Cattle feed 0.2-0.4 2.3
Global Emissions to NOx
Source (kt of No/yr
Naturals Kt= Kilotons
Soils release 18100
Ammonic oxidation 10200
Lightning 16400
Anthropogenic
Fuel combustion 65100
Aircraft 3000
Industry 4000
Biomass burning 36000
Emissions from Vehicles
Fuels type Mean year round emission
(gt km-1)
Unleaded Petrol
Vehicles CO2 HCs NOx
Particles
30 3.3 2.0 0.22
Nitrogen Emissions in U.K. (2005)
Nitrogen type Emission (gt / yrs)
NOx NO2 800
Ammonia (NH3) 380
Nitrous oxide (N2O) 110
Total 1290
gt = 109 tonnes
T= Gigaton 109 tonnes
5. Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) which are of anthropogenic origin are also
a major source of Ozone depletion. They are used as refrigerants to and
as aerosol propellents in spray cans. They Contain Carbon, Chlorine and
Bromine. The most important characteristics of these substance are as
under:
1. Non/toxic
2. Non- corrosive
3. Non- inflammable and
4. Unreactive with most other substances
In view of the above they have a variety of uses as under:
1. As excellent coolants in refrigeration
2. In the manufacture of plastic foam and thermo cole products for
insulation
3. Are very stable as building material
4. Cleaning of electrodes and metal components
5. Sterlization of surgical instruments, medicinal and as oral inhalers 6.
Fast food packing
7. Fire- extinguishers
On the other hand one ion of Clorine (Cl) can destroy one lakh
molecules of Ozone. Some important reactions showing the chemistry
of the Ozone degradation are given below:
UV-Radiations
1. CFCs Cl
2. Halons Br/Cl
3. Cl + O3 Clo+ 02
4. ClO3 now attacks another molecules of O3 as under:
Clo+03 Cl+ 202
Finally Cl may form dilute HCl after acid rani
Finally Cl may form dilute HCl after acid rani
The process becomes faster in the presence of greenhouse gases C02,
CH4 & NOx
As all scientists are humanbeing first and then anything else, the
discovers of CFCs, DR. Thomas Midgley (1930) must be turning in his
grave thinking about the his discovery which has proved to be so
hazardous to mankind and have acclerated the arrival of his dooms day
in as much as most CFCs have a half-life of more than 130 years.
The following table shows most of the CFCS involved in Ozone
depletion.

Halocarbon Formula concentration Half life in

ppt years
CFC 11 CFCl3 3346 60.0
CFC 12 CF2 Cl2 6349 120.0
CFC 113 C2 F3 Cl3 1683 90.0
CFC 114 C2 Cl 2 F4 - 200.0
CFC 115 C2 Cl F5 - 400.0
Methyl chlroform CH3 CCl3 623 6.3
Carbon C Cl4 728 50.0
tetrachloride
Sources of NOx
Natural source of NOx are soils, oxidation, lightening and combustion of
unburnt hydrocarbons. These nitrogen oxides are produced according
to the Zeldovitch mechanism as under
O2 + N2 ------------- 2NO
N + O2 -------------- NO 2
N + OH -------------- NO + H
Besides the above a number of Bacteria are capable of nitrate
breakdown as given in the following table:
S.No. Organism Substrate Product
1 Thiobacillus No3 No2
thiparus
2 Hysobacter No3 No2
antibioticum
3 Pseudomonas spp No3 N2 O
4 Paracoccus NO3 N2
denitrificans
5 Thiobacillus NO3 N2
denitrificans
6 Achromobacter sp No3 N2 O

7 Halobacterium sp NO3 N2

8 Alcaligenes eutrophus No3 N2

9 Klebsiella aerogenes No3 NH3

10 Eschericha coli No3 No2

11 Flavobacterium No2 No2
12 Vibrio succinogenes No2 N2

In many cases not all the steps are carried out by a single microbe but
a single microbe but by consortium of microbes a ddition of nitrogen-
based fertilizers to soil would increase the rate of denitrification. N 2O is
lost in the stratospehere by photo degradation as under:

2N2O + hv------------------ 2N2 +O2

O3 + hv ----------------- 0 -- +O2
O-- + No2------------------ 2NO
Sources and sinks of Methane (CH4):
Methane is another powerful green house gas. It is difficult to
estimate how much amount is produced from crude petroleum burnt to
produce carbon dioxide which is the highest cause for Global Warming.
In spite of the fact that it is lesser harmful in this respect than NOx and
Methane. But its tremendous increase of percentage in the atmosphere
which is mainly responsible for Global Warming. In addition to the
above sources of Methane there are also some natural minor and
anthropogenic sources for its release of Methane into the atmosphere
as shown in the following table:
Natural Source Annual Release (mgt)
Wetlands 115
Rice Paddies 110
Ruminants 80
Biomass Burning 40
Termites 40
Oceans 10
Freshwaters 05

Anthropogenic Source
Gas drilling 45
Coal mining 40
Hydrate distillation 05
Sinks
Removal by soil 30
Reaction with hydronyl 400
ions in the atmosphere 60
Atmospheric increase of temperature 6-100 C
(Source Howghton et.al., 1990)
As already given in Table 3. the amount of C02 in the atmosphere was
325 ppm in 1974. About 100 years ago i.e. in 1874 it was about 125
ppm. Today it has risen from 325 ppm of 1974 it reason to 560 ppm
or slightly more. A clear description of the Ozone depleting substances
has already been given in the present write-up. Increased
concentration is the main culprit in respect of Global Warming and I do
not feel hesitant to say that the full credit for this increase should be
give to the developed countries.
Ozone is a colorless corrosive gas having a smell like a
burning electrical wire which is most irritating to man. Its
measurement unit is Dobsin (DV) and one DV is equal to 270 million
molecules of O3/ qubic cm.
AMELIORATIVE MEASURES FOR THE REDUCTION OF CO2
CONTENT OF THE ATMOSPHERE:
Manss activities in respect of Industrialization/ Urbanization
bringing more and more areas under agricultural cultivation has
resulted in this woeful condition of the environment.
Expert scientist may suggest ameliorative measures but the Indian
politicians hardly understand the problem and what to speak off carrying
ameliorative measures. In advanced countries like Russia, USA, U.K.,
France etc the ministers (secretaries) are experts of different ministries .
Their advice is more or less mandatory for implementation by the
presidium (A syndicate of politician).On the contrary in India, people who
do not know the alphabets of any language become Ministers, Chief
ministers and members of the parliament and its problems which have
been adding up with the passage of time, obviously and undoubtedly by
the activity of Man. Further Mans thinking is so narrow that he only thinks
of himself and his children, rarely about grand children and more rarely
about parents which in most cases are disowned by their son and nobody
thinks of posterity. Global Warming and its Disastrous
Consequences:
1. If one examines the records of the absolute temperatures of the
months of May and June over a period of last 100 years, it will be seen
that during this
period the absolute maximum temperature of the year has increased by 5
to 100C mainly through the role of CO2 which is a greenhouse gas One
can also appreciate the fact that increase in the concentration of Co2 and
temperature of the atmosphere have been intimate comrades to achieve
this objective.
One very disastrous consequence of the Global Warming has been the
melting of glaciers which will submerge continents, will convert perennial
rivers up to seasonal resulting in floods and after that in drought. All these
threaten mans very existence on the surface of the earth. A very few of
melting of glaciers are listed below:
MELTING OF GLACIERS
As already referred to in this writeup that Global Warming is the
main cause of melting of the glaciers and C02 and NOx the biggest culprits.
The role of other greenhouse gases is comparatively insignificant.
meteorologists, biologist, biochemist and even some bureaucrats etc, have
been greatly concerned so as to bring the concentration of CO2 to pre-
industrial level or even lesser. Many research activites are been done
through out the world and measures have been suggested to minimize it.
Some reports of the melting of the glaciers are referred to in the following
pages.
Giles, Katherine (2000)
This author reported that the Arctic glacier is now melting at record rates,
both in winter as well as in summers. It was observed that this melting
down during this year resulted in the opening of Northwest Passage and
continuing in the winter month with the thickness of the sea-ice
decreasing by a record of 19% in comparison to last winter, as against
the past phenomenon of decrease of icecap during summer but going up
in Winter. This author thinks that the consequences of this meltdown are
disasterous. This region, i.e. Northwest Passage has opened up for
shipping, remaining ice free throughout the year This has never
happened during the last 30 years.
The Collapse of Antarctic Ice Sheet:
2. Mitrovica Gerry (2009)
This author reported colossal melting of the Antarctica ice sheet and
expressed the opinion that the North America's coastline would be
specially hard hit by the rising sea level. The West Antarctica ice sheet is
collapsing and melting due to global warming. It was further calculated
that when this ice sheet is lost, several coastal areas would become
inundated including New York, Washington D.C. Southward the Western
coast Florida. Already the sea level in certain places has risen by eight
meters or more.
The Antarctica ice sheet covers an area of about 9,00,000 square km
which is more than the combined are the states of Texas and
Oklahoma of U.S.A. The volume of this Antarctica ice sheet is about
100 times more than the amount of water in all he lakes of South
America.
Further it has been pointed out that the Antarctica continent is warming
up five times faster thatn the average rate of global warming. This has
let to reduceion in number of krill which is the main source of foods for
the schinstrap and Gentoo penguins whose number has reduced.
3.Holland, Marika (2008)
It was reported that the demise of the Arctic Ice Cap is very
imminent and that it would disappear in a few decades. This has lead
to inimical race between Canada and USA (USA claims a part of the
Arctic sea, adjoining the US state of Alaska because the Arctic is
supposed to be the repository of petrolium to the tune of trillion barrels.
4. Anonymous,(2008)
U.S. environmental protection agency published in its federal register
that climatic changes would produce in the near future thinning of
Ozonein many areas of U.S. further reported " The Antarctica Ice-Shelf
is presently hanging on a thread of ice. Serl, Andhreas (2008) of the
Royal Netherland projects reported that in a few decades the summer
temperatures in some temperate countries would rise and the number
of death due to sunstrokes will increase surpringly A few examples
provided by computer model are as under

S.No. Country Year Maximum Death Toll

Temperature

1 France 2003 400 C 15000

2 Chicageo 1995 410 C 600
With help of computer the author has also forcast about the temperature
maximum of certain countries as tabulated below.
S.No. City Year Maximum Temperature 0C

1 Chicago 2100 46.0

2 Paris 2100 43.0
3 Lyon 2100 45.6
4 Los Angels 2100 47.0
5 Atlanta 2100 46.8
6 Kansas city 2100 46.6
7 Phoenix 2100 50.0
8 New York All time 40.0
9 Delhi 2100 50.0
10 Belem Brazil 2100 50.0
11 Bagdad 2100 50.0
Penguins have already started dyeing because their wings are not
adapted for repelling water
MELTING OF THE ARCTIC ICE SHEET:
Kichter-Meng, jackic (2007)
This author along with 46 scientists coming from ten different
countries reported that the temperature condition at a record high of +
50 C. Further reporting that this was a all time high record of + 50 C.
Thus it becomes clear that the Arctic ice is melting fast even in winter
(Giles, Catharine, 2007).
According to the Brendan Meade of the Harvard University (2008),
climateological study show that the seven thousand km long Andes
had a rain forest up to 15 million years ago. Annual rainfall dropped
fast converting the landscape into parched desert.
Canadell, Gosep (2006) who studied the problem of Global Warming
reported that is the result of increase in the concentration of CO2. It
was calculated that CO2 emissions in 2006 were 30% higher than in
1990 which is a much faster growth rate than anticipated and blamed
the burning of hydrocarbon fuels for industrial processes.
Further Dr. Trenberth, Calvin (2006) of the National Centre Of
Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Coloroado (U.S.A.) emphasised the
demaging role of increase in the concentration of atmospheric C02 in
spite of the Kyoto protocol that was designed with the object of
decreasing the concentration of C02 in the atmosphere.
Only a few days ago, the American astronauts from their space
station reported that both Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets have much
disappeared in comparison to what they saw 12 years ago in their
previous space rendezvous.
Table 5 : Heat potential of Agriculture Wastes
Agriculture Wastes Moisture Ash Calorific
(%, sun dry (%) Value
basis) (kcal/kg)
Almond shell 7.3 4.8 4656
Bajra stalks 11.2 17.5 3850
Braley straw 8.3 10.3 4154
Cassava straw 9.8 13.2 4392
Castor shell 6.7 10.3 3665
Castor stalks 8.2 10.7 4767
Castor husk 5.2 6.0 4344
Castor shell 6.2 0.8 4824
Cotton shell 12.0 13.5 3296
Cotton sticks 9.2 13.2 3952
Gram straw 7.2 9.5 4888
Grape pomace 12.1 1.3 4202
Groundnut straw 8.6 13.8 3504
Maize cobs 11.5 14.2 4692
Maize stalks 10.1 12.8 3810
Masoor straw 10.3 12.6 3810
Masoor stalks 10.3 12.6 3818
Moong straw 7.7 10.8 3804
Moong straw 6.9 11.1 3948
Moth straw 6.4 10.6 4034
Mustard stalk 10.6 20.1 3004
Rice straw 5.3 4.6 4615
Safflower straw 8.9 10.3 4656
Soyabean stalks 6.1 9.2 4980
Spent coffee 7.9 11.2 5038
Sunflower shell 5.3 1.1 5068
wheat straw 9.2 18.0 3810
Table 6 : Nature of Wastes from Fruit and
Vegetable Processing Industries and Their Economic Uses
1. Mango Peels and stones Starch and oil from kernels;
pectin and syrup from peels.

2. Pineapple Peels, cores and Sugar, vinegar and residue as

trimmings cattle feed.
3. Citrus Peels, pomace, oil and pectin from peels of
fruits seeds oranges and lime in cosmetic
and pharmaceutical industry.
4. Apple Peels, pomace Pectin, vinegar and cider.
5. Amla Seeds In Ayurvedic preparations.
6. Guava Peels and seeds As cattle and poultry feed.
7. Banana Peels Sugar material in the form of
syrup.
8. Green Shells and vines As cattle feed and compost
peas manure.
9. Tomato Seeds Oil can be extracted.
10 Onion Trimmings Flavouring Components
.
11. Potato Peels Starch and alcohols
12. Cauliflower Stalks and As cattle feed.
and trimmings
cabbage
13. Ladies stalks At present thrown away.
finger
14. Peaches Peels and Oil can be extracted
stones from stones; at
present thrown away.
15. Pears Peels and cores At present thrown away.

16. Plum Stones At present thrown away;

oil can be extracted.
17. Mushroom Stalks, Used to make pickles and
cuttings and soup.
trimmings
18. Asparagus Cuttings For soup making.
19. Grapes Stalks, pomace Oil can be extracted
and seeds from seeds.
 Table 7 : Anaerobic Digestion of Fruit and
Vegetable Wastes

Waste Loading rate Biogas CH4 in

(kg VS*/m3-day) Production biogas
(m3/kg VS*- (%)
day)

Spinach wastes 0.83-1.18 0.40 77-80

Asparagus peels 0.74-1.06 0.30 64-82
French bean wastes 0.96-1.15 0.47 71-75
Strawberry slurry 1.02-1.15 0.34 72-82
Apple pulp 1.02-1.60 0.49 50-75
Apple slurry 0.83-1.15 0.38 72-75
Carrot waste 0.80-8.90 0.58 71-73
Green pea slurry 0.87-1.25 0.42 66-81
Table 8 : Chemical Composition of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes
Waste Total Ash Total Crude Crude
Protein fibre
(%) (%)
Spinach waste 12.0 1.74 0.66(0.05) 4.22(0.35) 2.11

Asparagus peels 8.9 0.72 0.50(0.06) 1.98(0.22) 2.14

French bean waste 13.4 1.49 4.01(0.29) 2.37(0.18) 2.10

Strrawberry slurry 11.5 1.75 2.42(0.21) 2.25(0.19) 2.38

Apple pulp 23.2 0.46 5.57(0.24) 1.25(0.05) 3.74

Apple slurry 6.7 0.29 1.41(0.21) 0.60(0.08) 1.29

Carrot waste 5.3 0.48 1.58(0.29) 0.35(0.07) 0.67

(Carrot skin and waste

carrot)
Green peas slurry 12.8 0.45 5.70(0.44) 3.49(0.27) 1.68

Figure in bracket are % on dry weight basis (Knoll et al, 1978)

 Table 9 : Bagasse for Diesel Oil Production
S. Bagasse Values
No. (million
tones,
unless
specified
1. Total cane crushed annually 110
2. Total estimated bagasse produced 35

3. Estimated quantity of bagasse saved fom cane at 2.5-2.7 %

the present level of steam consumption, say 55%
cane

4. Total estimated quantity of bagasse saved 2.7-3.0

5. Estimated quantity of bagasse saved cane 6.5-7.0%

depending on the extent of energy conversion
manures adopted

6. Total estimated quantity of bagasse saved after 7.5

adopting the energy conversioin measures

7. Considering only 1/3rd quantity of bagasse

utilized or diesel oil

Diesel oil produced 2.5 million

barrels
Specifications of an Economic Size Plant e

Values
Specification
Minimum capacity 250 barrels/day
Feedstock input 250 tonnes/day
Product yield 50 gallons/tonne of
feedstock
Product sale price 50-55 US $ barrel
Estimated project 7.5-8.0 US $(as on
cost Sep.91)
High profitability 400-500 barrels /day
capacity
Table 10 :Production Cost of Briquettes from Sugarcane Leaves

Electrically-powered machine :
Date for the cost of machine etc. for one tonne/hr (4800
tonnes/yr) briquettes production has been obtained from
the manufacture while the land cost etc. were based on
prevailing prices in Western Maharashtra.
Capital Cost :
A Land and building Rs.
(a) Land 1 acre @ Rs. 50,000/acre 50,000
(b) Building roughly 3000Sq., 3,00,000
Cost of building, wiring,
fencing etc. @Rs.100/Sq.ft
B Plant and machinery
Briquetting machine, 1 tonne/hr 11,50,000
Capacity including transport, 15,00,000
packing etc.
Total Capital
Running cost per year :
A Maintenance cost (dies etc.) 4,02,500
@35% of capital cost
B Interest@ 18 % per year on capital cost 2,70,000
C Power cost (electricity) @ Rs. 0.5/kWh. 1,32,000
(specific power consumption of 55
kWh/tonne) for 4800 tonnes/yr of
briquette production
D Harvesting cost for sugarcane leaves, @ Rs. 3,84,000
80/tonne
E Labour cost- skilled labourers @Rs.500 pm(2 24,000
labour shift)

Total running cost 12,12,500

Cost of briquetting 12,12,500
4,800
Rs. 252/tonne
II. Hand-powered machine :
Output of the machine is 25 kg/8 hr shift. Thus for
300 days of working, the yearly output is 7.5 tonnes.
Capital cost Rs.
Machine cost 5,000
Running cost per year
A 18% per year interest on machine 900
B Labour cost (one) @ Rs. 300/month 3,600
C Maintenance cost 500
(Lubrication, repairs etc.)
D Cost of harvesting @ Rs. 80/tonne 600
sugarcane leaves
Total
Cost of production 5,600
Rs.
747/tonne
Table 11 : Dung and Excreta Production per Livestock
Tonnes Dry Weight Basis

Animal Dung & excreta production

S.No. /animal
Range Average

1. Buffalo 0.8-1.9 1.35

2. Cow & Ox 0.4-1.9 1.10
3. Camel 0.7-0.9 0.80
4. Horse & Donkey 0.4-0.9 0.50
5. Pig 0.2-0.9 0.25
6. Sheep & Goat 0.1-0.9 0.15
7. Hen 0.14 0.14
Table : Comparative Dung and Excreta Production in 1991
S.No. Livestock Dung & exreta % of the
production total

1. Cattle 218.24 61.6

2. Buffaloes 103.95 29.3

3. Sheeps 8.35 2.4

4. Goats 16.80 4.7

5. Horse & ponies 0.48 0.1

6. Other livestocks 6.39 1.8

7. Total 354.21

Includes mules, asses, camels, pigs and hen.

Table 12 : Livestock Dung and Excreta Produced in India During 1983

States Dung and excreta (Lakh tonnes) % Share of

/UTs
Cattl Buffa sheep Goat Pig Came Poul Total each
e loes l try state
Andhra 497.6 357.7 54.80 67.25 - - 129. 1107.2 8.12
Pradesh 4 6 82 7
Assam 349.7 42.18 1.00 24.36 6.74 - 6.83 430.86 3.16
5
Bihar 572.5 254.2 13.37 147.5 11.58 - 6.87 1006.1 7.37
6 1 6 5
Gujarat 279.7 244.4 28.28 35.81 1.23 - 2.14 291.66 4.34
8 0
Haryana 113.4 190.5 7.98 6.36 4.60 6.01 1.23 330.12 2.42
3 1
Himachal 86.95 33.90 13.08 15.89 0.13 0.46 - 151.02 1.11
Pradesh
J& K 80.92 30.52 18.61 11.39 - - N.A 141.44 1.04
Karnataka 374.5 223.9 47.91 54.56 2.55 - 7.25 710.75 5.21
2 5
Kerala 91.17 20.43 0.07 24.16 1.02 - 90.5 145.91 1.07
M.P. 1212.4 350.53 12.43 85.21 7.36 - 43.89 1716.0 12.58
5 0

Maharashtra 611.00 259.01 30.78 88.33 - - 12.31 1001.4 7.34

5

Orissa 452.55 73.32 19.91 59.17 3.34 - 6.33 614.61 4.50

Punjab 159.70 247.52 6.34 8.50 2.57 3.64 5.14 432.98 3.17

Rajasthan 471.31 331.92 133.86 184.91 1.43 15.05 4.32 1139.8 18.35
1

Tamil Nadu 414.62 176.68 66.43 62.95 5.55 - 5.74 731.98 5.36

U.P 994.42 810.90 20.59 103.08 12.53 - 4.01 1945.5 14.26

3

West Bengal 547.71 54.23 12.00 131.02 5.68 - 17.33 767.97 5.63

Others 375.09 119.82 47.93 123.51 3.24 - 6.51 676.10 4.96

All India 7685.5 3821.7 535.36 1234.02 69.55 25.26 265.77 13641. 100.00
7 9 61

% (56.3) (28.0) (3.9) (9.0) (0.5) (0.2) (1.9)

 Table 13 : Production and Analysis of Biogas from
Willow dust and other substrates

Biogas CH4 (%) CO2 (%) Calorifi

Substrate (Liter/ kg c value
Ts) (kcal/m3)

Willow dust 176* 55-60 38-40 4521

Cattle waste 165-170 54-56 30-40 4378
Piggery wastes 251 57 27 4521
Bagasse 200-300 60-65 30 5000
Water hyacinth 370 69 NA 5263
Batch fermentation, 30 days
Batch fermentation, 60 days
 Table : 14 Energy Trees
Density Cal.val. DBH Harvesting
Species (Kcal/kg) (cum) age (yrs.)
Plantations 0.806 4946 12.0 15
Acacia nilotica 0.498 4800 18.5 20
Dalbergia sissoo 0.779 5180 12.9 15
Eucalyptus grandis 0.700 4900 19 13.5
E.terecicornis 0.700 4800 7.0 6
Plantation coppice
E.teretiocornis 0. 700 4800 9.9 14
Tectona grandis 0. 664 5535 9.4 15

Coppice crops
Acacia catechu 1.005 5244 13.5 30
Anogeissus 0.935 4909 12.1 30
latifolia
Diospyros 0.826 5030 12.8 30
melanoxylon
Aegle marmelos 0.907 4495 10.7 30
Lagerstroemia 0.949 4885 12.7 30
parviflora
Lannea coromandelica 0.584 4933 13.2 30

Madhuca latifolia 0.915 5224 10.7 30

Ougeinia oojeinensis 0.846 5178 10.0 30

Pterocapus marsupium 0.796 5141 14.9 30

Quercus spp. 0.948 4633 25.7 30

Shorea robusta 0.878 5433 17.8 30

Natural forests
Boswellia serrata 0.580 5169 13.8 30
Cedrus deodera 0.548 5076 42.7 80
Pinus excelsa 0.507 4995 46.2 90
P. roxburghii 0.541 4967 41.4 80
Quercus spp. 0.948 4633 16.8 30
Shorea robusta 0.878 54.. 26.42 85
 Table 15 : Economics of four-year old
Subabul plantations
(A) Total cost of Subabul plantation
Investment/ha (Rs.)
Ist Yr 2nd yr 3rd Yr 4th yr Total
Establishment 5700 - - - 5700
Weeding 500 250 - - 750
Irrigation 575 575 575 575 2300
Supervision 350 350 350 350 1400
Labour on mis. 200 200 200 200 800
activities
Land rent 500 500 500 500 2000
Felling of trees - - - 2000 2000
Total cost 7825 1875 1625 3625 14950
Interest on capital
@ 12.5 % 734 1187 1555 1966 5442
Cumulative total 8559 3062 3180 3625 20392
 (B) Income form Subabul plantations
176 tonne wood (25% moisture) @ Rs.325/tonne 56,875

Net income/ha/4years 36,483

Net income/ha/year 9,120

Cost benefit ratio 2.79

Table 16 : Prosopis juliflora Plantation on 100 acre Barren land

S.No. Particulars Rs.

Expenditure :
1. Labour expenses: digging 40,000 20,000
pits(50x50x50cm) mixing insecticides
fertilizer and pit filling
2. BHC powder 10% : 200kg @ Rs. 1.80/kg 3,600
3. Chemical fertilize :
a) DAP 500kg, @Rs. 3.72/kg and 24,750
urea 250 kg, @ Rs. 2.46/kg
b) For 1- month old plantation 6,150
urea 2500 kg @ Rs. 2.46/kg
4. Seeds : 50 kg, @ Rs. 15 /kg 750
5. Polythene bags (5x10) 2,700
45000(90 kg) @ Rs. 30kg
(for filling bags on mixing with soil
6. FYM : 2 truck loads 600
7. Bag filling labour expenses 6,600
8. Weeding & irrigation : 4-months old nursery 1,500
9. Transplantation: Transportation charges 6,400
10. Interculture expenses : After 1 month of 8,800
transplanting and after last rainfall
11. Fending : 1,650
i) Labour charges for making channel
along field border and putting
seeds in it
ii)Seeds for channel, 20 kg @rs15/kg 300
iii)Fertilizer and labour 1,400
iv) Interculture in first year(Twice) 5,000
12. Watchman (2) Rs.350/watchman/month for 5 42,000
years
13. Firewood cutting expenses : 3200 tonnes 1,92,000
wood, @ Rs.60/tonne
14. Pods collection expenses :

100 tonnes pods, @ Rs. 75/tonne 7,500

Total expenditure in 5 years 3,31,700

Income:

1. Cattle feed :

100 tonnes pods sold @Rs. 500/tonnes 50,000

2 Firewood :

3200 tonnes wood sold @ Rs. 300/tones 9,60,000

Total income 10,10,000

Net profit in 5 years from 100 acres 6,78,300

plantation on barren land
Table 17: Availability of Potential Energy trees and Shrubs from wastelands in India

S.N Plant species Wastelands Climatic conditions

o.
Tempera Altitud Rainfal
ture e l
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Acacia albida Arid & semi- - - -
(E.N) arid,alkaline
2. A.aneura(E,N) Arid& semi-arid, F - -
sandy, alkaline
3. A- Adaptable to variety 26-30 To 600 1500-
auriculiformis(E of wastelands(pH5.9) 1800
,N)
4. A.catechu(C,N) Adaptable to variety xerophi To 1200 490-
of wastelands (pH lous 2610
5.9)
5. A cyanophy (E,N) Arid & semi arid - - -
coastal sand dunes,
saline-
alkali,calcareous
6. A Cyclops (E,N) Coastal desert - - -
7. A dealbata Salinity NF 1500up 1500-
(E,N) syn A 6250
deccurrens
var dealbata
8. A. decurrens Adaptable 12- 25-1000 900-
(E,C,N) 25(F 1600
0
9. A.eburnea Dry areas, black soil - - -
10. A.farnesiana(E, Arid & semi- 18-27 To 1250 750-
N) arid,adaptable to 1250
saline-alkali,often
gregarious on sandy
soil
11 A.gregii (E) Arid & semi- - - -
arid,sandyalkaline
12. A.holosericea(E Alkaline,sandy,mine - - -
,N) land
13. A.Jacquemontii Arid zone soils, even - - -
sand dunes
14. A.karroo (E,N) Alkaline,minespoils - - -
15. A.latronum Hill slopes, gravelly - - -
soils
16. A.leucophloea Arid & semi- Humid In 250-400
(c,N) arid,ravenous, tropics plains
skeltol,saline- and
alkali,sodic siwalik
hills
17. A.mangium(E,N) Arid & semi-arid,hill - - -
slopes
18. A.mearnsii Arid & semi-arid,skeltal F 300- 500-
(E,pC,)syn 1100 1000
A.mollissima,
A.decurrens var
molis
19. Amelanoxylon(W,p Denuded hillslopes,arid F 1500up 1250-
C,N) & semi-arid 2000
20. A.mellifera(E,N) Arid & Semi-arid, -
sandy,clay and gravelly
soil
21. A.modesta(C) Skeltal, arid & Semi- -
arid alkaline, sodic
22. A.nilotica(pC,N) Variety of wastelands LF To 500 76-1270
sp. indica (pH 9.0 with soluble
salt 0.3%) shifting sand
dunes,clayey,coastal
ravenous
23. A.nilotica(RE,N) Sodic soils - - -
sp.
cupressiformis
24. A.planifrons Semi-arid - - -
25. A.polyacantha (N) Alkaline, moist -

26. A.pycnantha(E,N) Saline, coastal - - -

27. A.selicina (e,N) Very promising for arid & F - -
semiarid, deep sandy,
alkaline, soil binder
28. A.senegal (C,N) Arid & Semi-arid, 4 TO 48 100-1700 200-800
syn A.verek shifting sand dunes,
rocky desert, clay but
not waterlogged
29. A.seyal (E,N) Alkaline - - -
30. A.sinuata Sodic - - -
31. A. tortillis Dry, rocky sandy soil, 0-50,NF Best in 100-1000
(W,VC,N) syn favour alkali, semi- low
A. spriecarpa, tolerant to salinity, lands
A.raddiana excellent sand binder
A.heterocantha
32. Adenanthera Sandy coasts, islands 2 To 1200 -
pavonina
33. Adhatoda Grows everwhere, rocky, NF To 1300 500-
vasica(c) sandy, demanded 1650
syn. hilltops
A.zeylanyca
34. Adina cordifolia Well drained slopes, - - -
hills alluvial soils

35. Aegiceras Island, salty areas - - -

corniculaum

36. Aegle marmelos Swampy to dry soils LF TO 1600 570-

(c) ravines, can 2000
tolerate and rocky
soil
37. Ailanthus Semi-moist, arid, - TO 2400 350-600
altissima syn shallow sandy loam,
A.gandulosa skeltal , ravines

38. A.excelsa (C) Ravines saline, alkali 20-40 Lowland 600

semi-arid,sand-dunes

39. Albizzia amara Deep sandy,shallow - - 25-1500

(N) sandy loam, marginal
sub-dry zone
40. A.Chinensis Moist often swampy, - - 1125-
(E,C,N) syn sandy in islands 5000
A.stipulata

41 A.falcata, Grassy bauxite mineland, 22-29 To 1000 4500

(E,C,N) syn, grassy blanks
A.moluccana
42 A.julibraissina Unstable hillsides - To 2100 -
43 A. lebbek (c,N) Salt (upto 0.1%pH 8.7), 5-45LF, To 1600 500-
sodic soil with pH 2000
upto 9.4 shifting
sand dunes
44. A.odoratissima Upper hillslopes, crest NF To 1500 635-
(c,N) grasslands, ravines 3050
45. A.procera (N) Moist even swampy, NF To 1200 -
common in low lying
areas, can grow on
stony, dry and
alkaline soils
46. Alnus nepalensis Moist, shady ravines - 900- 500up
(pC, N) near water to clayey 3000
soil, withstand
imperfect drainage
and flooding, can
grow on sandy eroded
soil rocky slopes
47. A.nitida (N) Moist situations, can grow in - 900- 1000-
moist sandy soil 2700 3000
48. Anacardium Sea-coasts, hilly slopes, - - 900-
occidenta sandy, shallow, 3750
l impervious, can tolerate
saline, clayey, literate
and red soils
49. Aneogeissus Dry, rock hills and ravines, - To 1300 600
latifolia can grow on sandstone,
limestone metamorphic
sandstone, limestone,
metamorphic rock trap and
laterite, stunted on dry
hills

50. A.pendula Rocky of arid regions, in - - 300-

hilly tracts with shallow 1050
soil, sand best, red soil
second best
51. Anthocephalu Well drained alluvial - - 1500-
s cadamba soil,can gown on abandoned 5000
syn lands, grassy blanks
A.chinens
is,A.indi
cus
52. Azadirachta Most soils including dry, 0-44 50-1500 250-800
indica stony clayey and shallow, even
well suited in drier 130
areas, semi-tolerant to
salinity, prefers black
cotton soil, not
waterlogged

53. Balanites Common in sandy plains, 0-44 380- 250-800

roxburghii older alluvial, mineral 1500
syn soils and ravines
B.aegyptica salinity sensitive, no
prolonged waterlogging
54. Barringtonia Swamps, marshes, sea-coasts LF - -
acutangula
55. Bauhinia Hillslopes, along streams - To1650 -
purpurea and ravines, tarai and
bhabhar zones
56. B.racemosa (N) Common on dry hills - To 1500 1016,21
60
57. B.retusa syn Common on well drained F To 2500 1000-
B.semla ground hillslopes, 2250
ravines; occurs on shale,
sandstone, quartzite
rocks, limestone.,
58. Betula alnoides Hills and - 900- -
mountains,landslips 3000
newly exposed soils,
moist ravines and
torrents.
59. B.cylindrostach Hills, landslips exposed - - -
ys soils along streams of
taria forests in sandy
and loamy soils

60. Bischofia <post.shady, river-banks, LF To 450

javanica swamps and ravines
suitable for areas
with high-water table.

61. Bombax cebia Deep sandy loam of F 1500 500-

(C)syn granite deep alluvial 4600
B.malabaricum soils of valleys deep
,salmalla alluvial deep well
malabarica drained hill slopes,
skeltal soils. Suited
for new grounds
grasslands , gullies,
ravines, river banks
62. Bosellia Semi-rocky soil in dry NF - 50-125
serrata (C) zones and sandstone
syn B.glabra redges, drier ridge
of metamorphic rock

63. Broussonetia Sandy loam, coastal, - TO 100 1800

papyrifera stream bank,
(E,C) gullies, ravines
64. Buchanania Dry, deciduous - TO -
lanzan syn forests ; abundant 1200
B.latifolia on clayey and
laterite but not
waterlogged soils,
useful for dry
hillsides, bare arid
slopes

65. Bursera Arid & Semi-arid NF - 450-

penicillata region, 650
(E) syn deep well drained sandy
B.delpechian loan,can grow in
a stony, gravelly and
shallow soil
66. Butea monsoperma Inundated, swampy and F TO 1200 635-
syn waterlogged 4570
B.frondosa areas,open
grasslands ,
saline-alkali(pH
upto 8.3, soluble
salt upto 0.15%)
black cotton,barren
sandstone rocky
refractory.

67. Cajanus cajan Many soils not 18-35,NF TO 300 600-

(N) waterlogging some 1000
cultivars tolerate
salinity (upto 0.4%
salt)
68. Calliandra Extremely adaptable - 150- 1000
calothyrsus eroded land terrace 1500
(E,C,N,) syn stabilization
C.confusa

69. Calligonum Arid areas, on sand F - -

polyognoides dunes older
alluvium with
hamocky and
undulating
topography, mineral
soils.
70. Capparis Arid & semi arid region; - - -
aphylla sand dunes eroded rocky
syn land gullies, ravines
C.decidua brackish water areas,
saline-alkali (high oH)
71. Cassia Arid &Semi arid areas; NF TO 713 25-762
auriculata black cotton laterite
near coast,dry stony
hills; poor gadwall soil,
bare rocky ground; poor
loamy sandy; deep sandy
also on sandstone rocky
refraecoy opposed rocky,
refraecory

72. Cassia Found on trap granite NF TO 1200 450-

fistula sandstone, Khurda 3000
laterite soils, in
bhabhar tracts; afforest
arid & semi-arid areas
gullies ravines areas
with brackish water
hillside, cuttings and
slips.
73. C.siamea (C,N) Moist, well- NF TO 1200 750-
drained,except 2500
laterite NF flat
terrain, hillslpes,
sandstone rocky
refractory,ravines
,affores arid &
semi-arid areas and
degraded soils.

74. Casuarina Can toterate acid and 10- TO 1500 200-

equisetofolia alkali (pH 4-8), 33,N 5000
(pC,N) calcareous, F
waterlogging for a
time, best on sandy
coastal soils, can
gow on rocky open
cast mined land,
reclaim limestone
quarry

75. C.cuninghamiana Arid & semi-arid, sand - - -

(E,N) dunes, saline

76 C.junghuhniana( Sand dunes, arid & - High -

E,N) semi-arid. elev
atio
ns
77. C.littoralis Imfertile, tropical and - - -
(E,N) sync. temperate acid soils
suberosa

78. Celtis australis Swampy,dry rocky soil - 1650- -

(C) 2700
79 Ceriops decandra Estuarine wastelands - - -
syn C.
roxburghiana

80. C.tagal syn Coastal forests and - - -

C.candolleana estuarine regions
81. Chukrasis Moist tropical hill - - -
tabularis (C) forests; for grassy
blank, islands.

82. Colophospermum Shallow, compacted, 36,LF To 900 125-800

mopane clay, alkaline and
(C,E,N) badly drained;
remarkably tolerates
dry and saline-soils
(pH 7.9); flourish on
sandy soil, low-lying
alluvial flood plains
and in grasslands; in
slightly acidic.
83. Dalbergia Grows on gnessis, - - -
latitolia laterite, boulder
(C,N) deposits and
alluvial, thrives on
well-drained, deep,
moist soil; grows
fairly well on black
cotton soil, and on
poor stony soils.

84. D.sissoo(C,N) Alluvial ground in To 50 F To 1500 500-

riverbeds, exposed 2000
soils, landslips,
hillsides, new
embankments, along
water channels,
exposed grassland,
cliffs to crevices on
sides of sandstone;
can grow on gullies,
ravines and mining
sites; shifting sand
dunes (400mm annual
rainfall)

85. Delonix elata River and channel banks - - -

86. Derris indica Sandy and rocky 0-50,LF To 1200 500-
(C,M,) syn including litic 2500
Pongamia limestone, highly
pinnata tolerant to
salinity (pH upto
9.8; soluble salt
upto 0.45% in sub
soil, can grow in
arid & semi-arid,
semi moist,
shifting and dunes,
skeltal soils.

87. Dichrostachys Deep sandy, loamy, High F - 25-400

cinerea syn sandstone, rocky,
D.glomera, refractory sites,
D.nutans shifting sand
dunes, ravines,
gullies, land
slides

88. Diospyros Dry areas, rocky; can F - 500-

malanoxylon grow on black and 1500
(C) poor soils.
89. Dodonaea viscosa Sandy shores, kankar, - To 2500 500-1000
rocky, red gravelly,
sandy; usally shallow
and dry; ravines,
gullies, mineland.

90. Elaegenus Spil mounds, sandy - 1600-3300 -

angustifolia calcareous, industrial
(N) syn wastelands, salt
E.hortensis tolerant
91. E.latifolia (N) Temperate region. - - -
92. E.umbellata (N) Highly acidic soils, - 3000 -
temperate region.
93. Emblica Can successfully be grown from 0-46-NF To 1800 -
officinalis slightly acidic to
saline/sodic (pH 6.5.5)
(C)
soils, suitable fo
bauxite-mid and dry areas.

94. Erythrina Stabilizes zircom and - - -

corallodendrum rutile minesties on
(E,N) beach sands

95. E.indica (N) syn Coastal, grassy blanks - - -

E.variegata
varorientalis
96. E.Suberosa Very dry zone - - -

97. Eucalyptus Arid areas, hills, High F To 1800 200-

cameldulensis plains; skeltal 1250
(E,S) saline-alkali,
kankar pan,
waterlogged, sand
dunes, sandy loam,
ravines, mine-sites
(lignite,bauxite,ti
n) shallow alluvial
soils, red chalk
soils.

98. E.eitriodora Best in moist soil, To 29- To 2000 900 up

(E,C) can grow in hills, 35,L
skeltal soil, F
ravines, gullies;
grows in poor and
gravelly including
podzols infertile
clays.

99. E.deglupta (E) Hills, skeltal, 24-32 To1800 2500-

laterite, colonize 3500
volcanic ash and
pumice; on coastal
sand.
100 E.globuls (E,C) Hills; moistto very - To 3000 800-
. moist areas; skeltal, 1500
laterite; prefers
deep, fertile, saline
soils.

101 E.gomphocephala On sands overlaying Mild To 2000 700-

. (E,C) limestone, free- 1000
draining sands,
tolerates active
calcium (upto25%),
sligh salinity, not
water logging; siwalik
hills.

102 E.grandis (E,C) Moist, well-drained -30to40 To 2700 1000-

. soils with shales, 2500
slates, sandstones,
granite, basalt;
hills, wetland and
semi-waterlogged
areas, eroded areas,
deepslopes; skeltal,
laterite soils.
103 E.melanophloia Arid zone;deep sandy, - - -
. (E) sand-dunes, shallow
with kankar pan,
shallow sandy loam,
saline, alkaline

104 E.nicrotheca(E, Arid-zone ; alkaline, 5.-38,F 80-700 200-

. C) skeletal,ravinousmi even 1000
ned; prefers clays 2000
of silty clay
loams, often
alkaline

105 E.occidentalis Clay occasionally 2-38,F 50-300 300-760

. (E) sandy with poor
crainage, good for
salty soils (upto
8% chloride).

106 E.robusta (E,C) Bottom slopes, swamps 3-32, to 2000 1000-

. edges of saltwater LF 2000
estuaries and
lagoons, in stiff
clays and l\eached
sandy dunes and
semi waterlogging.
107 E.tereticornis Best on deep well- 17-38, 600- 500-
. (E,C) drained slightly F 1000 1500
acidic soil; can grow
in saline-alkali (pH
9, soluble salt
0.3%), semi-water
logging, alluvial,
silts, sandy clays
lateritic, ravines.

108 Gardenia Dry, stony soils, rocky F to 1200 -

. turgida hill ridge, laterite
kankar and stiff
claiy.
109 Garuga pinnata Dry, and moist areas, - - -
. (C) ravines

110 Gledistsia Best in deep sandy to 43,F to 1500 500-

. triacanthas loam tolerates almost 1500
(C,N) all soil types: acid +
to alkaline, slightly
saline and sand to
clay; can grow well
in semi-arid regions.
111. Gliricidia Moist or dry soil even 22-30 to 900 1500-
sepium with heavy limestone, 2300
(E,C,N) as terrace +
stabilizer, for black
soils, gullies and
ravines.

112. Grevillea Adaptable to acid to 52, to 1000 750-

robusta (pC) calcareous and NF 4500
laterite soils, can
grow in gullies,
ravines grassy
blanks.

113. Grevillea Deep soil, best on open -10 to 2300 400-

robusta soils-porous, and or 2500
even gravelly, can
grow on acid, alkali
skeletal, laterite
hillslopes, grassy
blacks

114. Grewia elastica Humid tropics, tropical F to 1200 -

(C)syn highlands
G.asiatica
var vestita,
G.vestita
115. Hardwickia Porous sandy loam, to 45,F to 1200 Scant
binata (pH,N) reddish gravelly sand to
overlying sandstones, mode
conglomerates, rate
granites, schists;
can grow on dry shell
rocky soil; also
laterite, skeletal
soil

116. Hippohae Eroded clay loams, - 2100- -

rhamnoides bare, gullies; 3600
(N) tolerates arid,
saline alkali, sandy
calcareous soils also
coal spoils,
industrial wastes,

117. H.salicifolia Temperate region - - -

(N)
118. Holoptelia Dry stone bhabhar, rock NF to 600 -
integrifolia debris laterite,
(C) skeletal, deep sandy,
brackish, gullies,
ravines.
119. Juniperus Best on sandy, loam; - 1500 4200
communis grows on rather dry
rock, gravelly; for
cold desert.

120 J.macropoda Dry, rocky, stony in F 1500-4200 -

scanty rain, for cold
desert.

121. Kydia calycina Semi-most areas grassy LF - -

122. Lannea Sandstone, limestone, to to 1500 250-
coromandelica metamorphic rocks, 45 3000
(C) syn traps sometimes ,
L.grandis, laterite can grow on NF
Odina wodier saline blanks
123. Leucaena Prefers deep neutral to NF to 500, 600-
leucocephala alkali soils (pH even 2000
(E,C,N<) syn 8.5),can grow on up to
L glnuca, L. steep slopes, 1300
Latisiliqua marginal, grow on
(cultivars K- steep slopes marginal
4 to K-341, hilly, gravelly sandy
Peru, soils; toterates acid
Cunninghum, soils (pH 6.5)
Hawaiin,
giaht
introduced)
124. Madhuca indica Dry type; often on 45,F to 1200 250-
(C)syn M. rocky, sandy; found 1250
latifolia, in waterlogged of
Rassia clayey; shallow soil;
Latifolia can grow on saline
alkali, black soils

125. M longifolia Semi-arid, ravines nine F - -

sites, field bound.

126. Mangifera indica Wetland waterlogged LF - -

areas, grassy land,
islands, ravines

127. Melia azaderach Arid & semi arid zone, -15to to 200 600-100
(c) semi-moist, tarai & 18,
bhabhar zone; can Youn
grow in ravines, mine g
land fros
t
sens
itiv
e

128. Mimosa scabrella Many types of well- - to 2400 -

(E,C,N) drained soils in
hills
129 Morus alba(vC) Thrives in sandy, NF to 3300 1525-
. heavy loam, black 2540
cotton, highly
salt-tolerant; cab
grow in water-
logged ravine land

130 Ougeinia Thrives on poor soils, 15- to 1500 250-

. oojeinensis landslips, river 35,N 3000
(C,N) syn banks, exposed F
O.dalbergioid situations, can
es grow in arid
laterite soil

131 Parkinsonia Occurs in poor, to 36, to 1300 200-

. aculeata gravelly, sandy LF 1000
(E,N) alluvial soil,
desert grasslands,
politic limestone;
salt-tolerant; very
useful in dry sand
dunes, arid & semi
arid gulies,
ravines

132 Peltophorum Dry zone, mine spoils - - -

. pterocarpum
(N)
133. Pinus caribaes (E) Tin mine spoils, 22-28 1000 1000-
generally well drained 1800
even3900
)
134. P.elliottii (E) Bauxite mined areas - - -

135. P.Halepensis (E) Sand-fixer 18+,F to 1000 250-800

(even (even
5.37) 2000)

136. P. taeda (E) Acid spoil, eroded oil - - -

field sites

137. P.thunbergii (E) land slips, sand fixer - - -

138. Pithecellobium Grows in denuded lands, - to 1000 450-1650

dulce (E,vC,N) ravines, pure sand,
seacoast with roots in
brackish or salt
water, can grow on
saline-alkali soil
139. Populus alba (vC) Common in ravines, marshy - 1200- -
land, can grow on hot 3000
and dry slopes with
shallow soil, cold
desert, some salt
tolerant, suitable for
suphur-mine heaps
140 P.ciliata (pC) Sandy to clayey loam, F 1200- -
. best in ravines, on 3500
well-drained and
porous soils; in
pure patches on
islands in stream
beds on exposed of
eroded hill slopes,
landslips.

141 P.euphratica(c) Cold desert soils; - to 4000 75-200

. hills rocky slopes; 5to5
tolerates brief 2,F
flood, high
salinity, brackish
water and aridity.

142 Pinigra var Cold desert unstable - 900- -

. italica syn soil, on marl heaps 3700
P.italica of sulphur

143 Prosopis Best in arid and 15+,Lf to 1000 100-500

. alba(E,N) coastal zones; on
sand with high
clay, salt tolerant
144 P.cineraria Dry climate, sand -6to 800 75-900
. (C.N) dunes; on alluvial, 50,L
coarse sandy, dry F
stone and black
cotton soils;
common on moderate
saline soils;
tolerates alkali
(pH 9.8); can grow
on gullies,
ravines, grassy
blanks

145 P. juliflora Well in sandy soil; in Hot to 1500 150-750

. (E,vC,N) saline alkali (9.5,
soluble salt 0.5% )
semi-rocky or
gravelly; tolerates
rocky, refractory,
mine lands,
waterlogged saline
soils, gullies,
ravines, grasslands
146. P.allida Old lava flows, NF to 250-
(E,C,N) coastal sand 1250
extreme salinity
(half as salty as
seawater), rocky,
open cast mine
land

147. P.tamarugo Arid & semi arid zone -12 to 1000- 0-10
(E,C,) extreme salt 36 1500
tolerant (grows in
salt lakes); found
in salty-sandy or
clay loam soils
(sometime 40m salt
crust).

148. Psidium guajava Well on acid soils; NF to 1500 1000

(C) on limestone and
mari (pH 7.5-8.0)
tolerates
flooding.
149 Pterocarpus Dry zone, waterlogged NF - -
. dalbergiodes soils, on soils
syn P.indicus from sedimentaries
(c,N) having sandstones
and conglomerates,
hillslpes, tidal
creeks.

150 P.marsupim Prefers sandy, red - - 750-

. (pC,N) loam with clay; 2000
hilly region,
grassy blanks,
island region.

151 Pterygota alata Dry areas; on grassy - - -

. (C) blanks, island
region.
152 Punica granatum Semi-arid climate; LF 900- -
. gravel, Boulder 1800
deposits of dry
ravines, calcareous
with line nodules,
alkali-tolerant.
153 Pyracantha Cold desert, denuded - 720- -
. crenulata hilltops 2400

154 Quercus incana Micaceous sandy, on to 35 2400 1000-

. (C) syn Q. moist arid slopes. 2300
leucotrichoph
ora
leucorichopho
ra

155 Rhizophora Tidal shores, creeks; NF estuari 1000

. muicronata along estuarines, ne/c
salt-marshes, oast
shallow brackish al
streams, lagoons, zone
mudfilast; high s
salt-tolerant.

156 Robinia Highly acidic soil, -20 to to 3000 1000-

. Psedoacacia salt-tolerant, 32, 2000
(E,C,N) eroded granite and F (even
sandy calcareous, 300)
industrial
wastelands, mine
spoils, banks left
fire clay, slopes.
157 Salix alba Cold desert, moist F to to
. (E,C) areas; can grow 240 260
on sandy 0 0
industrial
wastelands, salt-
tolerant.

158 S.fragilis Cold deserts, swamps - 1350- -

. (no waterlogging. 330
0
159 S.tetrasperma Wet, swampy, D to 2600
. (C) waterlogged soils 210
withstands 0
flooding,
ravines, gullies,
mine lands

160 Samanea saman Best in hot, moist - - -

. (E,N) syn areas; can grow
Enterolobiu on dry, barren,
m Saman, swampy, grassy
Pithecellob blanks
ium saman
161. Sapium sebiferum Ravines, river banks, F to 1800 500+
(vC) waterlogged areas,
saline soils, salt
marshes, salt creeks,
rocky, dense clay.

162. Schleichera oleosa Hills, ravines, edges of F to 900 750-2500

(C)syn terraces stream banks;
S.trijuga acid soils, on boulder
deposits; also on
sandy and laterite
soils.
163. Sesbania bispinosa Loam, clayey, black, versatil to 1200 550-1100
(N) syn S. sandy soils; arid e
aculeate, areas; alkaline soil
S.cannabina (pH 9.5), tolerates
salinity,
waterlogging.
164. S.grandiflora (N) Black cotton, heavy wet NF to 800 1000
clay, eroded hill
slopes, dry and moist
soils.
165. S.sesban (N) Syn Waterlogged, acid and 10-45 to 1200 350-1000
S.aegyptiaca saline (salt upto
1.4%); arid areas;
alkaline soil,
periodic flooding.
166 Shorea robusta Thrives on deep Lf to 1700 1000-
. (C) boulder deposits 4500
overlain on fertile
porous loam soil;
rocky having hale,
mica schist,
limestone; on
sandstone,
laterite.

167 Sonneratia Coastal region, - - -

. apetala (C) saline, alluvial
soil.

168 Sterospermum Dry, upper slopes and F to 1500 -

. suaveolens ridges on
sandstone. exposed
dry hills, grassy
blanks.
169. Syzygium cumini Thrives on dry and moist F(Matur to 800 1500-
(vC) syn areas with sand,marl, e 1000
Eugenia well drained politic Tree 0
jambolana, limestone soils; )
F.cumini gregarious along
streams, swamps; can
grow in clayey,
waterlogged (prolong
flooding \); also
saline-alkali,
ravines, gullies,
grassy blanks.

170. Tamarindus Dry, low even rocky NF to 600 250-

indica (N) land; also alkali 1250
waterlogged , black
cotton, grassy
blanks.
171. Tamarix aphylla Arid soils; shifting -10to - 100-500
(C)syn sand dunes, highly 50
T.articulata saline (even salt on
surface or salt
spray) highly
alkaline, mine
spoils, withstand
inundation.
172 Tectona grandis Traps, basalt, NF 600 1250-2500
. (vC) granitic, gneisses, (even
calcareous, 750-
crystalline rocks 5000)
phyllites, schists;
also on sandstone
island soils; can
grow in gulioes
ravines, lignite
spoils.

173 Terminalia Stiff clayey, black NF to 1200 750-3800

. alata (C)syn cotton latertite,
T.tomentosa hilly grounds,
waterlogged.
174 T.arjuna (pC) River bank, ravines; NF - 750-1900
. for saline alkali,
semi arid
175 T.catappa Black cotton, murrumy NF to 300 1000
. sardy, shigly,
saline soil, often
near beaches;
alluvial deposits;
salt tolerant,
saline-alkali.
176 Thespesia Coastal areas; well 4+ - -
. populnea drained and sandy
soils,
waterlogged;
saline, except
hilly areas.

177 Trema Moist areas; forest - to -

. orientalis clearing fallow 243
(C,N) syn land, landslips, 0
T.amboinens exposed and
is, Celtis swampy areas,
orientalis colonize denuded,
fallow land

178 Trewia Along streams, moist LF to -

. nudiflora and swampy 120
(vC) places; for 0
waterlogged
areas.
179 Ulex europaeus Hill; sandy, rocky, - - -
. (E,vC,N) saline-alkali
cold desert.
180 Vitex negundo River banks, open - to 1500 -
. wastelands, deeps
alluvial, rocky
alkali-tolerant
denuded hilltops,
mined wastelands.

181 Woodfordia Landslips, denuded F to 1500 -

. fruticosa hilltops
(C)syn
W.floribunda
182 Xylia xylocarpa Deep soil overlying - to 600 1250-
. (C,N) sandstone crystalline 2250
rocks, shallow
laterate.
183 Zizyphus Thrives on sandy or F to 1500 150-
. mauritiana shingly alluvium and 2250
(C) syn Z. arable land; can grow
jujube on laterite, black
cotton and saline
soil (at 0.8%) salt,
survival 30%), arid
and semi-arid region.
184. Z. nummularia Arid & semi-arid areas, - to 900 150-400
thrives on driest and
rocky area; also in
sandy, alluvium and
shallow sandy loam,
saline, mineral,
bhabhar.

185. Z.xylopyra (C) Dry areas, form - - -

impenetrable thicket,
grown in blanks.

186. Z.spinachristii Arid & semi-arid region; Hot to 1500 100+

(E,C) likes deep alluvial
soils.

Abbreviatins under the head :

Plants : Temperature :
E-Exotic Forest hardy
N-Nitrogen-fixer LF Light Frost hardy.
C-Coppicer; pC-Poor coppicer; vC-very good coppicer NF-Not tolerant to
frost
Table 18: Production and Fuel Value of Potential
Energy Trees and Shrubs from Wastelands in India
S.No Plant Fuel Wood Mean Calorific
annual value
Yield (keal/kg)
increment
(m3/ha/yr) (MAL)
in

Height cm)

1. Acacia albida - -
FG
2 A. aneura - -
-
3 A. auriculiformis 5-20 4800-4900
138
4 A. catechu - 5142 (s), 5244(H)
43 (3853)
5 A. cyanophylla - -
-
6 A. cyelops - -
-
7 A. dealbata - 3500-4000
-
8 A. decurrens 6-16 3530-3940
FG
9 A. eburnean - -
-
10 A. farnesiana - -
-
11 A. greggii - -
-
12 A. holosericea - 4670
FG
13 A. jacquenmontii - -
-
14 A. karroo - -
vFG
15 A. latronum - -
-
16 A. leucophloea - 4899(s), 4886(H)
(142) (3927)

17 A. mangium - -
-
18 A. mearnsii 10-25 3500-4000
50-75
19 A. melanoxylon - -
60
20 A. mellifera - -
FG
21 A. mcdestn - -
(150)
22 A. nilotica - 4800(s), 4950(H)
45-80,(160 (4608)
23 A. nilotica ssp - -
cupressiformis -

24 A. planifrons - -
-
25 A. polyacantha - -
-
26 A. pycanantha - -
-
27 A. salicina - -
-
28 A. senegal 5 3200
11-33,(66)
29 A. seyal - -
-
30 A. sinuata - -
-
31 A. A tortilis 53.6t/ha 4400
50-61,(103)
32 Adenanthera - -
pavonina FG
33 Adhatoda vasica 0.6t/ha 4058
-
34 Adina cordifolia - 4412
-
35 Aegiceras - -
corniculatum -
36 Aegle marmelos - 4495,(3845)
-
37 Ailanthus - -
altissima FG
38 A. excelsa - -
(64)
39 Albizia amara - 5049(S),5306(H)
-
40 A. chinensis - 4353(S),4845(H)
-
41 A. falcataria 39-50 2865-3357
FG
42 A. julibrissin - -
FG
43 A. lebbeck 5 5163(S),5166(H)
14(104) (4173),4562)
44 A. odoratissima - 5131(S),5266(H)
-
45 A. procera 10 4870(S),4865(H)
4-10(girt) (4350),(4510)
46 Alnus nepalensis - 4600(3587)
vFG,14-17

in 7 yrs
47 A. nitida - -
FG,2.5(gir)
48 Anacardium - -
occidentalis -
49 Anogeissus - 4900
latifolia 66
50 Anogeissus - 4837(S),4739(H)
pandula -
51 Anthocephalus - 4800
cadamba FG
52 Azadirachta 13-27 (4350)
indica 2.3-3.0(gir)
53 Balanites - 4600
roxburghii -
54 Barringtoina - 5074(S)
acutangula -
55 Banuhinia - -
purpurea -
56 B.racemosa - 4240
-
57 B.retusa - 5027(H),(3289)
2.1(girth)
58 Betula ficoides - 4567
-
59 B.cyllodristachys - -
-
60 Bischofia - 5316(S),5162(H)
javinaica FG
61 Bombax ceiba - 3633
FG
62 Boswellia - -
sertrata -
63 Broussonetia - -
papyrifera vFG
64 Buchnania - 4446(S),4612(H)
latifoilia - (3664)
65 Bursera - -
penicillata -
66 Butea - 4909
monosperma -
67 Cajanus cajan 2ha/yr 4589
3.6m
68 Calliandrs 35-65 4500-4750(4658)
calothyrs -
69 Calligonum - 4217
polygonc -
70 Capparis decidua - 4340
-
71 Cassia auriculata - 4744
FG
72 C. fistula - 4228
1.48(girth)
73 C. siamea 15 5825
89
74 Casuarina 7.5-20 4950
equisetifolia FG(166)
75 C. cunninghamiana - -
FG
76 C. junghuhniana - -
FG
77 C. littorulis - -
FG
78 Celtis australis - 4739(3877)
-
79 Ceriops decandra - 5347
-
80 C. tagal - 5150
-
81 Chukrasia - 4817(S),5711(H)
tabularis FG
82 Colophospermum - -
mopane -
83 Dalbergia - -
latifolia -
84 D. sissoo 9-15 4908(S),5180(H)
FG (3891)(4469)
85 Delonix elata - 4271
(105)
86 Derris indica - 4600(4350)
FG(62)
87 Dichrostachys - -
cinerea FG
88 Diospyros - 4957(S),5030(H)
melanoxylon -

89 Dodonaea viscose - 5035(S),4939(H)

- (4598)
90 Elaegenus - -
angustifolia -
91 E. latifolia - -
-
92 E umbellate - -
-
93 Emblica - 5200
officinalis FG
94 Erythrina - -
corallodendrum -
95 E. indica - -
(261)
96 E. suberosa - -
-
97 Eucalyptus 20-30 4800
camaldulensis 200
98 E. citriodora 8 -
300
99 E. deglupta 20-40 -
-
100 E. globules 10-30(10-15t/ 4962
vFG
ha/yr in
karala.
663.5t/ha in 8
yrs. rotation in
tamil Nadu

101 E. gomphocephala 6-7 (wastelands)- -

-
21-44(irrigated)
102 E. grandis 17-45 (25t/ha 4900
200
in 8 yrs in
Tamil Nadu

103 E. melanophloia - -
68(11.8m

in 15yrs

104 E. microtheca - -
-
105 E. occidentails - -
-
106 E. robusta 10-35 4908
FG
107 E. terecticornis 20-25(5-100t/ 4800(4637)
FG(10.4m
ha in 8 yrs
15 yrs)
roatation in
Tamil Nadu)
108 Gardenia turgida - 5320
-
109 Garuga pinnata - 4828(S),4909(H)
-
110 Gleditsia - -
triacanthas FG
111 Gliricidia sepium - 4900
FG
112 Gmelin arborea 20-35 4763-4800
300
113 Grevillea robusta 217m3/ha of 14 200 4904(S),4914(H)
yr old tree

114 Greqia elastica - 4920

-
115 Hardwickia binata - 4891(S),4952(H)
1.6cm(gir)

(26)
116 Hippophae rhamnoides - -
-
117 H. salicifolia - -
-
118 Holoptelia - 5258(S),(1314)
integrifolia 2.7(girth)

FG
119 Juniperus communis - -
-
120 J. macropoda - -
-
121 Kydia calycina - 5063
FG
122 Lannea - 4933(4517)(4096)
coromandelica -
123 Leucaena 30-40(15-45t/ 3895-4675
leucocephala Fastest on
ha/yr on irri
wasteland
gated land)
(7-11m/yr

on good

sites

124 Madhuca indica - 4890-4978(S)

- 5005-5224(H)
125 M. longifolia - -
-
126 Mangifera indica - -
-
127 Melia azaderach - 5043-5176(4178)
3.8-5.1

(girth)(156)
128 Mimosa scabrella - -
vFG (3m in

14 months

FG
129 Morus alba - 4371-4773
FG
130 Ougeinia oojeinensis - (4013)4046)
-
131 Parkinsonia aculeate - -
FG(1m)
132 Peltophorum - -
pterocarpum -
133 Pinus caribaea 21-40 -
-
134 P. elliottii - -
-
135 P. halepensis 3-12 5158
-
136 P. taeda - -
-
137 P. thumbergii - 4333
-
138 Pithecellobium - 5177-5600(4637)
dulce 10m in 5 or

6 yrs (96
139 Populus alba - -
3m
140 P. ciliate - -
1.8-2.5(gir)
141 P. ciliate - 5019(S),5008(H)
4.0-5.3(gir)
142 P. nigra - -
FG
143 Prosopis alba 7 -
-
144 P. cineraria 21 5000
19
145 P. juliflora 5-6t/ha/yr 4472(4469)
66
146 P. pallida - -
-
147 P. tamarugo - -
Slow
148 Psidium guajava - 4792
FG
149 Pterocarpus - -
dalbergioides -
150 P. marsupium - 4904(S),5141(H)
Fairly rapid

(3.8cm girth)
151 Pterygota alata - 5160
FG
152 Punica granatum - 3896
-
153 Pyracantha - 4637
crenulata -
154 Quercus incana - 4633(S),4566(H)
Slow (3724)
155 Rhizophora - 4888
mucronata -
156 Robinia 13-19 (10017t/3yr -
pseudoacacia 49
157 Salix alba - -
FG
158 S. fragilis - -
-
159 S. tetrasperma - (4493)
2-8(girth)
160 Samanea saman - -
FG
161 Sapium sebiferum 26 4134-4277
FG
162 Schieichera oleosa - 4950(S),4928(H)
40-60
163 Sesbania bispinosa 15t/hain2 -
15-22in
harvest/yr
164 S. grandiflora 20-25(3m3/ha 8m in (4402)
3yrs
at 2 yr rotation
(319)
165 S. sesban - 4254
FG
166 Shorea robusta - 5095(S),5433(H)
60-80
167 Sonneratia apetala - 4911(S)
-
168 Stereospermum - -
suaveolens -
169 Syzygium cumini 4.8-13.1 43834(S),(3439)
0.8(girth)
170 Tamarindus indica - 4909(S),4969(H)
Slow
171 Tamarix aphylla - 4835(S)
FG
172 Tectona grandis - 4989(S),5535(H)
1.8m
173 Terminalia alata - 5047(S),5373(H)
1.3-5.3(gir) (3798)
174 T. arjuna - 5030(S),5128(H)
1.9(girth) (4159)
175 T. catappa 2.3-6.0t/ha/yr 1.3- -
31(girt)
(83)
176 Thespesia populnea - -
7.5m/5yr
177 Trema orientalis - 3095
FG
178 Trawia nudiflora - -
-
179 Ulex europaeus - -
-
180 Vitex negundo - 4214
-
181 Woodfordia fruticosa - 4496
-
182 Xylia xylocarpa - 4975(S),5044(H)
6.2(girth)
183 Zizyhus mauritiana - 4875(S),(4034)
60-75
184 Z. nummularia - 4400
-
185 Z. xylopyra - 4874(S)

186 Z. spinachristii - -
-
Table 19 Potential Availaibilityof Carbohydrate Crops during last 40 years

Crops 1950- 1960- 1970- 1980-81 1985- 1989- %

51 61 71 86 90 increase
in 1989-
90 over
1950-51
Sugar 57051 11000 126368 154248 170648 222628 290.2
Crops
Sugarcane
Starchy
Crops
Cassava 1283 1969 5130 5868 4884 5674 342.2
Potato 1660 2719 4807 9668 10423 15137 811.9
Sweet 800 1261 1731 1502 1408 1258 57.2
Potato
Maize 1729 4080 7486 6957 6644 9409 444.2
Jowar 5495 9814 8105 10431 14197 12915 135.0
Bajra 2595 3283 8029 5343 3664 6620 155.1
Ragi 1429 1838 2155 2420 2518 2781 94.6
Crops during last 40 years
Table 20 : Alcohol Production from Different Crops

S.No Crops Crops yiels Alcohol Yield

. (Tonnes/ha)
Litres/tonne litres/ha
1. Sugarcane 56.04 70 3923
2. Sugarbeet 30.21 110 3323
3. Potatoes 15.50 110 1705
4. Cassava 8.75 180 1575
5. Maize 3.27 360 1177
6. Rice 2.67 430 1127
7. Sweet potatoes 8.36 125 1045
8. Wheat 1.78 340 605
9. Barley 1.76 250 440
10. Sweet sorghum 1.32 60 80
 Table 21 : Yield and Intrinsic Energy of Sugarbeet

Variety Yield (Tonnes/ha) Alcohol (5) Root

top Pulp Molasses Sugar (liters Tonne)
(1) (2) (3) (4) /ha)
Ramonskaya-06(A) 5.6 0.59 0.55 1.3 1200 10
Dobroviaca-C(B) 5.9 0.63 0.59 1.4 1300 10
M.Marinapcly (C) 5.9 0.72 0.68 1.6 1400 12
4.9 0.60 0.60 1.3 1240 10
Intrinsic energy (GJ):
A 12.6 9.4 6.9 21.7 28.5 50
B 13.3 10.1 7.4 23.7 30.3 53
C 14.1 11.5 8.6 25.8 35.0 60
D 11.0 9.6 7.1 21.7 29.1 49
 Table 22: Cassava Production in 1989-90

S.No States/UTs Area (Thousand Production % of the

ha (Thousand toal
Tonnes)

1. Kerala 205.6 3763.7 66.3

2. Tamil Nadu 58.5 1747.0 30.8
3. Andhra Pradesh 13.3 101.8 1.8
4. Meghalaya 4.2 23.8 0.4
5. Karnataka 1.0 9.9 0.17
6. Assam 2.0 8.4 0.15
7. Other states/UTs 4.7 19.4 0.3
All India 289.3 5674.0
Table 23 : Non-conventional Vegetable Oil Yielding Plants Yielding 30% or more oil of India

S.No Wasteland plants Other plants

Plant Seed/ fruit Plant Seed/frui
t Oil (%)
oil (%)

1 2 2 4 5
1. Actinodaphone 48 Aleurites moluccana 55-69
angustifolia
2. Aegle marmelos 34 Anamirta cocculus 50
3. Aleurites fordii 50-60 Basella rubra 37
4. A.montana 40 Celastrus paniculatus 52
5. Annona reticulata 42 cerbera odollam syn 43
C.manghas
6. A.squamosa 39 Corylus avellana 50-65
7. Aphanamixis polystachya 35 Croton tiglium 30-60
syn Amoora rohituka
8. Argemone mexicana 22-37 Daphne papyracea 30

9. Azadirachta indica 40-49 Elsholzia cristata 34-42

10. Balanites roxburghii 36-43 Ervatamia coronaria 42

syn.Baegyptica

11. Broussonetia 32 Euonymus hamiltonianus 59

papyrifera

12. Calophllum apetalum 45-50 Garcinia cambogia 31-50

13. C.eleatum 70 G.echinocarpa 50

14. C. inophyllum 50-73 G. indica 44

15. Canarium commune 73 C.Morella 57

16. Cannabis sativa 30-35 Hptage benghalensis 67

17. Cinnamomum 42 Hydnocarpus 48-55
kurziiSyn
Tarktogenos
kurzii
18. C.zeylanicum 33 H.Wightiana syn 63
H.laurifolia

19. Euphorbia 30-35 Illicium verum 55

helioscopia

20. Holoptelia 35 Joannesia princeps 48-56

integrifolia

21. Jatropha curcas 30-35 Litsea glutinosa syn 35-48

l.chinensis

22. Madhuca butyracea 42-60 Mappia foetida 48

23. M.Latifolia 20-60 Mesua ferrea 60-80

24. Mallotus 35-36 Meyna laxiflora 38

philippinensis

25. Manihot glaziovii 35-42 Michelia champaca 32

26. Melia azedarach 40-45 Mimusops hexendra 47

27. Moringa oleifera 25-34 Momordica dioica 33

28. Nephelium lappaceum 37-46 Moringa concanensis 38

29. Pongamia pinnata 27-46 Myristica malabarica 41

30. Prinsepia utilis 37 Neolitsea involucrate 36

syn N.cassia,
N.zeylancia

31. Pterygota alata 35 N.umbrosa syn litsea 40-60

umbrosa

32. Salvadora oleoides 40-50 Nigella damascene 43

33. S.persica 39 Pieonia emodi 35

34. Santalum album 50-60 Perilla frutescens 30-51

35. Sapindus trifoliatus 44-47 Putranjiva roxburghii 42
syn S.laurifolius

36. Sapium indicum 57 Quassia indica 37

37. S.sebiferum 53-64 Rhus succedanea 39
38. Schleichera trijuga 35-45 Sature ja hortensis 42
syn S.oleosa

39. Swietenia macrophylla 50 Sisymbrium altissimum 35

40 S.Mahagoni 50 Sterculia foetida 30-36

41. Tectona grandis 44 Urtica dioica 33
42 Terminalia bellerica 39

43. T.Chebula 36

44. Thevetia neriifolia 57

syn T.peruvians
45. Vallaris solanacea 33

46. Vernonia cinerea 38

47. Wrightia tomentosa 30

48. Xanthium strumarium 30-35

49 Xanthium Americana 49-66

50. Zizyphus Mauritania 33

Table 30 : Availability of Non-edible oilseeds

S.No. Oilseeds Quantity

1. Azadirachta indica 4,14,633
2. Madhuca Indica 2,12,566
3. Shorea robusta 2,12,230
4. Salvadora oleoides 45,963
5. Pongamia pinnata 9,711
6. Mesua ferrea 5,690
7. Calophyllum inophyllum 3,798
8. Schleichera oleosa 934
9. Garcinia indica 471
10. Actinodaphne hookerii 340
9,06,316
(Srivastave GS, 1985)
Table 31 :Potential of Tree-borne Oilseeds in India

Thousand tonnes
S.No. Oilseeds Estimated Actually
potential used
1. Shorea robusta 6171.50 200
2. Madhuca indica 519.65 72
3. Azadirachta indica 418.00 100
4. Pongamia pinnata 111.00 25.9
5. Hevea brasiliensis 79.00 -
6. Salvadora oleoides 44.00 -
7. Schleichera oleosa 44.00 20
8. Vateria indica 12.30 -
9. Meusa ferrea 9.08 -
10. Calophyllum inophyllum 11.47 -

11. Garcinia indica 2.00 0.5

12. Others (Argemone mexicana, 195.46 -

Madhuca butyracea, Hydnocarpus
wightiana, Butea monosperma,

Actinodaphne hookeri, jatropha curcas,

Terminalia belerica, Tectona grandis, Citrulus
colocynthis, Mallotus Philippinensis, palm,
cashewnut etc.

Total 7617.16
Table 32 Potential Petro-crops of India :

S.No. Plant speices Family Hexane

extract
(%,dry
basis)
1. Argyria nervosa Convolvulacea 1.72
e
2. Baliospermum montanum Euphorbiaceae 1.07
3. Calotropis gigantea Asclepiadacea 2.50
e
4. C.procera 1.83
5. Cryptostegia grandiflora 3.03
6. Euphorbia antiquorum Euphorbiaceae 7.38
7. E.antisyphilitica 8.46
8. E.lactea 7.9
9 E.lathyris 5.47
10 E. neriifolia 6.21
11 E.nivulia 7.39

12 E.royleana 8.02

13 E.tirucalli 3.45

14 E.Trigona 7.54

15 Hemidesmus indicus Asclepiadaceae 3.17

16 Pedilanthus tithymaloides Euphorbiaceae 3.12

17 Pergularia extensa Asclepiadaceae 6.12

Table 33: Fuel Properties of Petro-Crop Extracts

Plant Extrac Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Ash Calorifi

t (%) (%) (%) (%) value
Calotropis Aceton 38.5 3.6 57.9 11.8 2111.7
Procera e
Actone 38.5 3.6 57.9 9.6 9198.3
Benzen 81.2 11.9 6.9 0.4 9781.5
e
Hexane 80.5 12.1 7.4 11.7 4578.9
Methan 35.8 3.1 61.1 13.8 7115.6
ol
Anthracite - 79.7 2.9 6.1 - 10505.6
coal
Crude oil - 84.0 12.7 1.2 - 11,527.8
Gasoline - 84.9 14.7 -
Other fuels from Petro-crops

Petro-crops particularly latex plants have also been tried for

biogas and alcohol production. Croton bonplandianum (Sharma&

Mbise, 1988) is a Wild, latex containing weed having fast growth

rate. Its bio-crude yield is more as compared to some other

petrocrops (Table 9.94). Bio-crude can be hydrocracked to

petroleum fuel. The seeds yield oil (39%)

Table 34: Composition of Bio-crude Extracts:
Petro-Crop Moisture Acetone+ Methanol+
S.N (%) Benzene Hexane
extract (%) extract (%)

1. Croton bonplandianum 70 10.0 18.2

2. Calotropis gigantea 78 8.5 7.9
3. C.Procera 53 8.1 7.1
4. Hemidesmus indicus 45 5.9 12.0
5. Pergularia extensa 59 8.7 18.1
6. Euphorbia neriifolia 87 11.2 13.0
7. Pedilanthus 83 8.1 10.0
tithymaloides

Table 34: Composition of Bio-crude Extracts:

S.NPetro-CropMoisture (%)Acetone+Benzene extract (%)Methanol+ Hexane extract
(%)1.Croton bonplandianum7010.018.22.Calotropis gigantea788.57.93.C.Procera
538.17.14.Hemidesmus indicus 455.912.05.Pergularia extensa 598.718.16.Euphorbia
neriifolia 8711.213.07.Pedilanthus tithymaloides838.110.0
Table 35 : Calorific Values of Different Weed species

Species Stem Leaves Reproduc

tive
parts
Acanthospermum hispidum 3093 3108 2908
Achyranthes aspera 2843 2951 2881
Aerva lanata 3152 3500 3400
Agertum conyzoides 3240 3083 2983
Amaranthus viridis 2953 3182 3173
Anisomeles indica 2583 2818 2697
Aristida setacea 2508 - 2415
Borreria articularis 2881 3073 3025
B. pusilla 2714 2918 2653
Cassia occidentalis 2897 2953 2983
Celosia argentea 3104 3153 2254
Commelina benghalensis 2593 2707 2918
Croton bondplandianum 2844 2732 2902
Cyperus iria 3143 3252 3267
Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum 2919 2847 2813
Dicanthium pertusum 3017 3414 2953
Emilia sonchifolia 3172 3200 3083
Eragrostis ciliaris 2500 2958 2880
Euphorbia hirta 3082 3100 2907
Heteropogon contortus 2997 3173 3253
Hybanathus enneaspermus 2907 2893 2993
Ischaemum indicum 2662 2881 2783
Lantana camara var. aculeate 2938 2914 2853

Ludwigia perennis 3052 3282 3143

Melochia corchorifolia 3201 3353 3208
Merremia umbellata 2934 2908 2817
Mimosa pudica 2806 2967 2912
Oldenlandia corymbosa 2806 2967 2912
Passiflora foetida 2803 2791 2652
Pennisetum pedicellatum 2893 2914 2953
Perotis indica 2812 - 2913
Phyllanthus fraternus 3142 3400 3173
Physalis minima 2893 2907 2958
Rattboelis minima 2994 2893 2918
Rattboelia exaltata 3067 3143 3208
Sida acuta 2908 2953 2915
S. cordifolia 2596 2834 2736
S. rhombifolia 2900 3103 3100
Urena sinuate 2953 2907 2817
Vernonia cineria 2812 2892 2763
Table 36 : Pyrolysis Products from Dry softwood

Products Yield(%)
S.No.

1. Charcoal 32

Tars 10

Acetic acid 1.7

Acetone 0.8

Turpentine oil 0.6

light oil 0.4

Methanol 1.0

Incondensable gases 22
REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR THE REDUCTION OF CARBON

DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION OF THE TROPOPHERE

At the recent G-5 and G-8 summit held in Italy, the member

countries showed deep concern about Global Warming and its

hazards as much as it can advance Dooms day for mankind and

other life. The contribution to Global Warming by different countries

was also noted as given in the following table-

Double standards About Total C02 Emissions
Country Total CO2 Emission Per Capita (Metric
S,No. (Billion Metric Tonnes in 2004)
Tonnes in 2004)
1 USA 6.049 20.4
2 Canada 0.639 20.0
3 Russia 1.524 10.5
4 Japan 1.257 9.8
5 Germany 0.860 9.7
6 UK 0.587 9.7
7 China 5.010 3.8
8 India 1.342 1.2
From the data in the above table it is true that India is
a lesser criminal but there should be no satisfaction to
us. Why should we be not the leader in the solution of
this problem and set an example for other countries of
the world ? In the following pages I refer to some of
the remedial measures which can go the long way in
the solution of the problem of Global Warming-
1. Biofuels:
The use of biofuels to produce energy will not
add even one ppm of additional C02 to our
atmosphere. In fact, except for the petroleum fuel for
the Aeroplanes all other motors vehicles can be run
very efficiently.
Biodiesel and Gashol (a mixture of ethanol and gasoline) :
There is a great potential for the production of energy from Biomass
plantation and petro-crops beside agricultural wastes, fruit
andvegetable wastes, kitchen wastes and excreta of man and
animals. The data in tables from No6 to 37 to very elegantly depicts
this potential of biomass available to us. Already we have got total
energy reliant system in our Sugar factories which even supply
some electricity to townships around them. We have cololssal
amount of agroindustrial wastes in India all of which can be used in
one way or other as energy fuel. To give some examples we have
straw and stalks cobs sticks from crops like maize, rice tobacco,
woodchips, Pinus leaves, jute, jowar, ragi sunflower, etc. Some
crops like coconut also provide considerable biomass in the form
of leaves shells and husks. Cotton residues can be used for the
production of charcoal, briquettes, alcohol etc.
Many fruit wastes such as banana etc. can be used for the production
of alcohol The data in the Tables from 6 to 37 is elgant example of this
vast source for energy production in India.
Energy Plantation (Table 17):
For producing wood which can be used as fuel (which is the
practice even today in most villages of India) for various purposes
including even thermal electricity production. Nature has been very kind
to India. The data given in Tables 6 to 37 gives an elegant proof of this.
Replacement of fossil fuel by biomass will go a long way in lowering the
Co2 content of the atmosphere.
Biodiesel from non-edible oil (Table 30) containing seeds of trees and
shrubs contain more than 30% non-edible oils which can be converted
with perfect technology into biodiesel. as is explained tin the following
accounts. Oils are triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids but fats are
triglycerides of saturated fatty acids with glycerol as shown below.
CH2OH
Linoleic acid.
CHOH + CH3-(CH2)4- CH= CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)-COOH
CH2OH

CH-COO (CH)7 CH = CH- CH2 CH = CH (CH2)3

CH-COO (CH)7 CH = CH- CH2 CH = CH (CH2)3 + 3H2O
CH-COO (CH)7 CH = CH- CH2 CH = CH (CH2)3
Triglyceride is formed by the esterification of one molecule of the
trihydric glycerol and three molecules of unsaturated fatty acid (with
two or more double bonds is liquid at room temperatures. Some
states viz. Hariyana are already running some buses on biodisesel. It
may be stated in parenthesis that Rudolf Diesel (1908) invented the
first diesel engine used groundnut oil without any difficulty. All edible
oils can also be converted into biodiesel but this is not feasible
because quite often the cost of these oils is not only probhibitive but
there may be shortage for human use. We have plenty of trees seeds
on the other hand seeds contain non-edible oils (Tables 30)
BIOFUELS VIS-A-VIS PERMANENT EMPLOYMENT TO
AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS.
India has unlimited wastelands, specially in Rajasthan. Beside
this plenty of wastelands are there along the network of road sides and
railways All this can be allotted to literate/semiliterate labour force of
this country. This programme will eraditate total unemployment in this
country. These people will live with dignity even more dignified , than the
those fossil fuel producing countries of the Arabian world. Our import of
petroleum will totally stop and we shall be able to have a most dignified
status in the comity of nations. We also have natural petroleum
resources in our country, namely Mumbai High, Assam and now
Western Rajasthan, which will supply us gasoline for the Aeroplanes, as
well for use in defence / Civil. Learned and Noble dislener. I that you will
all my heart to have given we a patient hearing.
A NEAT AND CLEAN INDIA :
Ladies And Gentlemen, you will kindly appreciate that a big
labour force will get employment for collecting all types of rubbish
(except human excreta) transport it to the Biodiesal, Biogas, Alcohol,
and even briquetting factories. Thus total employment to all the
labourers on the one hand and a country a country neat and clean
on the other
To conclude, I express my feelings that if all the wastelands India are
planted with Jatropha curcas , a euphorbiaceous shrub, all its seeds
oil converted to Biodiesel, we will not only be self sufficient for us but
we shall be able to export some percentage of the total production
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN:
I thank you with all my heart to have given me a patient hearing.