Basic parameters in

Reservoir simulation
for good performance
matching

By Dasari Jagadish
At IIT (ISM) - Dhanbad

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 Contents
What is performance matching or History
matching
Objectives of History matching
Methods of History matching
Feedback Control Logic for History
Matching
Mechanics of history matching
Modifications using rock/fluid/fluid
saturation data
Conclusions

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What it is?
The process of modifying the existing model
data until a reasonable comparison is made
with the observed data is called history
matching.

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 Objective
s
Identifying the parameters and mechanics
how is effecting in history matching
Better understanding of reservoir processes
Improve the reservoir description and data
acquisition program
Identify unusual operating conditions
Improve and validate the reservoir
simulation model

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 History matching
parameters
Pressure
Flow Rates
Gas Oil Ratio
Water Oil Ratio

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 Methods of History
matching
Manual
Run simulation for historical period
Compare results to actual field data
Adjust simulation input to improve match
Selection of input data based on knowledge
and experience
Automatic
Minimizes the objective function; i.e.,
difference between observed reservoir
performance and simulation results
Excludes human knowledge/experience
factor; thus results could be in error

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Feedback Control Logic for
History Matching

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General procedure for History
Matching

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 Mechanics of history
matching
There are several parameters which can be varied either singly
or collectively to minimize the differences between observed
data and calculated data by the simulator.

difications are made on the parameters given in the following table

Rock Fluid Fluid-Rock Well others

Permeabili Compressibiliti Relative Skin Reservoir

ty es permeability BHFP boundary

Porosity PVT Data Capillary pressure WOC

Saturation Viscosity Wettability GOC

Thickness

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 Modifications using rock data

Observation: Predicted production rate is much higher than actual

If gradient between the low pressure area and

high pressure area is too high compared to the
actual one, predicted production rate will be
much high compared to the field data. This
could be adjusted by
Move the fluid from high pressure to low pressure
zone by a change in rock permeability (increase the
value)
Decrease the oil in place in high pressure area
either by (i) decreasing porosity (ii) decreasing
thickness (iii) decreasing oil saturation (iv) all of the
above
Increase oil in place in the low pressure area either
by (i) increasing porosity (ii) increasing thickness
(iii) increasing oil saturation (iv) all of the above 10
 Modifications using Fluid
Data
Usual error involved in fluid data are caused by faulty input.
Misplaced decimal or incorrect exponent can cause an order
of magnitude error in the input, and hence the out put.
Example (1) : No noticeable draw down in the pressure in the
model even after considerable withdrawal of fluid.
Reason: Rock compressibility is too high by an order of
magnitude; causing the effects of very low or negligible
saturation change.
Action: use correct compressible data.

Example (2): Water saturation appears to increase in model

without any injection or influx of water.
Reason: Input rock compressibility is too low, causing free
volume to develop in the free space. This free volume is filled
with immobile fluid, i.e. (usually) water.
Action: Correct the rock compressibility.

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 Modifications using Fluid
Saturations
Example (1): Inability to maintain a given production rate and
consequent pressure drop in reservoir pressure and fluid
saturation.
Reason: This is generally due to insufficient oil in place and
insufficient influx in the given locality
Action: changing pore volume or an increase in oil saturation

Example (2): Insufficient gas in place in the reservoir and the

model runs out of gas
Reason: The wells have been making the observed gas
production, but there is not enough gas originally in place in the
system.
Action: An increase in Sg, by some factor would offset the
tendency to deplete the gas in place and maintain reasonable
production rates throughout the prediction mode.
Before this increase is made, the engineer should reexamine the
location of the fluid contacts with in the reservoir, particularly
oil/gas contact. A shift of a few feet in this contact can make a12
 Definitions
Skin effect:

An increase or decrease in the pressure drop determined from a

buildup or drawdown test. The difference is assumed to be caused
by the "skin."

Skin effect can be either positive or negative. The skin effect is

termed positive if there is an increase in pressure drop, and
negative when there is a decrease, as compared with the predicted
Darcy pressure drop.

A positive skin effect indicates extra flow resistance near the

wellbore, and a negative skin effect indicates flow enhancement
near the wellbore.

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 Adjusting reservoir data
to match Production
To match average reservoir pressure, adjust:
Aquifer size
Pore volume
Total system compressibility

To match pressure gradients, adjust:

Aquifer connectivity
Reservoir flow capacity kHh
Regional pore volume
Transmissibilities across faults

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 Examples of history matching

Match

Specified
Match

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 Examples of history matching
Example (welltest)

Match : Flowing
Bottomhole
pressure

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 Conclusions

Interpret and understand reservoir behavior so that future prediction can

be done
A focus for the acquisition and maintenance of an up-to-date data base for
the reservoir.
Coordination of asset team activities.
Ensuring that all important technical variables have been adequately
considered.
Testing the sensitivity of the reservoir model to input parameters and
making recommendation for additional data gathering or laboratory testing
if necessary

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Thank You

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