Phylum

Arthropoda
 Arthropod
An arthropod(from Greek arthro-,
joint + podos, foot) is an invertebrate
animal having an exoskeleton, a
segmented body, and jointed
appendages. Arthropods form the
phylum Arthropoda, and include the
insects, arachnids, myriapods, and
crustaceans.
 Arthropod
Characteristics:
segmentation
Jointed, pair appendages
Exoskeleton chitin
Cephalization
Compound eyes
Coelom
Open circulatory system
Ventral nerve cord
 Class Arachnida
Include: spiders, scorpions, mites
and ticks
Tagmata: Cephalothorax and
abdomen
Cephalothorax 6 pairs of jointed
appendages
1 pair of chelicerae (used to inject venom
into prey)
1 pair of pedipalps (holding food, chewing, &
reproduction
4 pairs of walking legs
Class Arachnida
 Class Arachnida
Abdomen
Spinnerets- is a silk-spinning organ of a spider or the larva of an
insect.
Respiration
Book lung- each of a pair of respiratory organs composed of many fine
leaves. They are situated in the abdomen and have openings on the
underside.
Tracheae and spiracles- Air enters the respiratory systems of insects
through a series of external openings called spiracles, These external
openings, which act as muscular valves in some insects, lead to the
internal respiratory system, a densely networked array of tubes called
trachea.
Excretory organs
Malpighian tubules-a tubular excretory organ, numbers of which open
into the gut in insects and some other arthropods.
Coxal glands- collecting and excreting urine.
 Class Crustacea
The crustaceans are the only
arthropod group whose members are
almost all aquatic, and mostly
marine.
 Class Crustacea
The crustaceans are the only
arthropods with two pairs of
antennae.

They also have a diverse array or

other appendages specialized for
different tasks.
 Class Crustacea
For example, in lobsters on the head
there are two pairs of antennae, a
pair of mandibles for eating and two
pairs of other feeding appendages
called maxillae.
These are followed by three pairs of
maxillipeds, which are food handling
appendages, mounted on the thorax.
Figure 19.02b
 Class Crustacea
After the maxillipeds, come the five pairs of
walking legs, the first of which are modified
in many cases into large clawed chelipeds.
Abdominal appendages are modified for
swimming. These swimmerets are used for
locomotion, but in males the first pair are
modified for copulation. The last pair of
appendages (uropods) are wide and assist
the animal in moving backwards quickly.
 Class Crustacea
Crustaceans, being aquatic, breathe
using gills.

In most cases the gills are attached

to appendages and movement of the
appendages aerates them.
 Class Crustacea
Most crustaceans have separate
sexes, although in some groups
males are scarce and
parthenogenesis occurs.

Most crustaceans brood their eggs

and the offspring may be miniature
versions of the adults or may pass
through several larval stages.
 Class Crustacea
sternal artery
Canal circulating blood from the heart to the ventral artery of the
lobster.
ventral nerve cord
Main element of the nervous system extending over the entire
ventral portion of the body.
brain
Main organ of the nervous system; it is located in the cephalothorax.
dorsal abdominal artery
Canal circulating blood from the heart through the posterior dorsal
portion of the lobster.
mouth
Anterior cavity of the digestive tract located on the lower surface of
the cephalothorax; it lets food enter.
 Class Crustacea
digestive gland
Organ producing a secretion that contributes to digestion.
anus
Terminal orifice of the digestive tract enabling ejection of
fecal matter.
intestine
Section of the digestive tract from the pyloric stomach to the
anus.
testis
Male genital glands producing spermatozoa (sperm).
ventral abdominal artery
Canal circulating blood from the heart through the posterior
ventral portion of the lobster.
 Class Crustacea
green gland
Organ producing a secretion that allows toxic substances to
be eliminated from the body; its opening is located at the
base of the antennae.
pyloric stomach
Posterior chamber of the stomach; food particles from the
cardiac stomach are digested here.
cardiac stomach
Anterior chamber of the stomach; its calcareous parts grind
food into fine particles so they can be digested in the
pyloric stomach.
heart
Muscular organ helping blood to circulate.
 Class Myriapoda
Myriapoda (Greek many feet) includes two
major groups the Chilopoda (centipedes)
and Diplopoda (millipedes) as well as two
smaller groups the Symphyla and the
Pauropoda, both of which are small soil-
dwelling organisms.

Myriapods have a head with simple eyes and

a segmented trunk which carries paired
appendages, one per segment in centipedes
and in most segments two in millipedes.
 Class Myriapoda
On the head myriapods have one
pair of antennae, mandibles and one
or two pairs of maxillae or feeding
appendages.

Walking legs are found on the

abdominal segments.
Class Myriapoda
 Class Myriapoda
The first pair of appendages have been
modified into poison fangs (forcipules),
which they use to kill prey.

Centipedes are active predators that hunt

in leaf litter, under logs and in similar
damp, dark places for prey.

The body is dorsoventrally flattened, which

probably allows the centipede to squeeze
into small spaces in pursuit of prey.
Figure 20.01
 Class Myriapoda
Reproduction: The average female
centipede lays 60 sticky eggs (which
are fertilized internally). She drops
the eggs into a hole she digs in the
soil. Some centipedes care for their
eggs and the hatchlings.
 Class Myriapoda
Diplopods are commonly called
millipedes (Latin thousand feet).
Most have 36-400 legs with 750
being the maximum.
They have a distinctively cylindrical
body and this coupled with the fact
that most segments have two pairs
of legs (all but the first four thoracic
segments, which have one pair each)
makes millipedes hard to misidentify.
 Class Myriapoda
Millipedes range from a few
millimeters in length up to 38 cm
(the African giant Millipede).

The largest terrestrial invertebrate

ever was a 2.6 meter long millipede
Anopleura from the Carboniferous
(340-280 mya).
Figure 20.02

Class Myriapoda
 Class Myriapoda
Millipedes because of their large number of
legs move in a distinctive flowing manner,
but are generally less active than
centipedes. Slow moving.

Most millipedes are scavengers that feed on

decaying detritus and plant material which
they consume using large chewing
mandibles.

They prefer moist, dark places.

 Class Myriapoda
The primary means of defense is to
curl up into a tight ball protecting
their vulnerable underside.

However, many species are also

protected by toxins
 Class Insecta
Insects (from Latin insectum, a
calgue of Greek [ntomon],
"cut into sections") are a class of
invertebrates within the arthopod
phylum that have a chitinous
exoskeleton, a three-part body
(head,thorax and abdomen), three
pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes
and one pair of antenae.
 External Anatomy
Adult insects are known for having three
major body regions, six legs, one pair of
antennae and usually two pair of wings as
adults.

head
thorax
abdomen
 antennae

compound
The first body eyes
region is the
head. Insect
heads can be
highly
variable, but
most possess
eyes, antennae mouthparts

and
mouthparts.
 Antennae

beetle
butterfly fly
ant

termite June beetle

Antennae are used by insects as major sensory

devices, especially for smell, and can be adaptive for the
insect in many ways.
 Two Examples of Mouthparts

chewing piercing/sucki
ng
Insect mouthparts are also highly modified for the
insect. Chewing, biting, or sucking, are a few examples. Mouthparts of an
immature insect may differ from those of the same insect in its adult stage.
The middle body region is
called the thorax and is
composed of three fused
segments. All legs and Thorax
wings are located on the
thorax.
 swimming
digging

grasping
suction
Like the mouthparts and
antennae, insect legs are
Legs quite
variable in form and
function and reflect the
insect's lifestyle.
The last body region
is called the abdomen.
It is composed of
many segments
connected by flexible
Abdomen
sections allowing it
great movement.
 Insects possess an exterior covering called
the exoskeleton. They do not have internal
bones. This segmented "shell" is what gives
insects shape and can be very hard in some
insects. It is often covered with a waxy layer
and may have "hairs" called setae.
seta ( hair)
waxy layer
cuticl
e

Exoskeleton
 Internal
Anatomy
Inside the insect we find the systems for
respiration, circulation, nerves, and
digestion, but there is little resemblance to
the same systems found in man or other
mammals.
 foregut hindgut

midgut

The digestive system is a tube that opens at the mouth and empties
at the tail end of the insect. It is divided into three parts called the
foregut, midgut, and hind gut. In some insects such as the honey
bee, the foregut acts as a crop to carry or hold liquids which can be
regurgitated later.
 Circulatory System

heartaortic pumps

The circulatory system is not composed of a central heart, veins and arteries
which circulate blood cells and transport oxygen. The insect circulatory
system is a simple tube down the back which is open at both ends and slowly
pulses body fluids and nutrients from the rear of the insect to the head.
 two lobed brain

nerve bundles
(ganglia)

Insects have a less centralized nervous system than humans. The nerve chord runs
along the ventral or bottom aspect of an insect. The brain is divided into two main
parts. The largest lobes control important areas such as the eyes, antennae, and
mouthparts. Other major concentrations of nerve bundles called ganglia occur
along the nerve chord and usually control those body functions closest to it.

Nervous System
 Respiratory System
The respiratory system is composed of air
sacs and tubes called tracheae. Air enters
the tubes through a series of openings called
spiracles found along the sides of the body.
The largest spiracles are usually found on
the thorax where greater musculature from
wings and legs require more oxygen. There
are no spiracles on the head.
 spiracles tracheal
tubes

Respirat
ory
 Metamorphosis
The many diverse orders of insects have
four different types of life cycles. These life
cycles are called "metamorphosis" because
of the changes of shape that the insects
undergo during development.
 Without Metamorphosis

adult
egg nymphs

The first type is "without" metamorphosis

The young resemble adults except for size.
Incomplete Metamorphosis
egg naiads adult

The second type is "incomplete" metamorphosis

which is found among the aquatic insect orders such
as mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and dragonflies
(Odonata).
 Gradual Metamorphosis
The third type is "gradual" metamorphosis seen in such orders as the
grasshoppers (Orthoptera), termites (Isoptera), thrips (Thysanoptera), and true
bugs (Hemiptera). This life cycle starts as an egg, but each growth, or nymphal
stage looks similar, except it lacks wings and the reproductive capacity that the
adult possesses.

egg nymphs adult

The fourth type is "complete" metamorphosis found in butterflies
(Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), and bees,
wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera). This life cycle has the four stages
of egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Each stage is quite distinct.

egg larvae pupa adult

The end