GEOLOGI STRUKTUR

KULIAH GEOLOGI DASAR

FISIKA EKSTENSI UI
Tectonic Forces at Work
structural geology: the branch of geology
concerned with the shapes, arrangement, and
interrelationships of bedrock units and the forces
that cause them

stress: a force per unit area

strain: the change in size (volume) or shape, or

both, while an object is undergoing stress
Stress and Strain in the Earths Crust

compressive stress: a stress due to a force pushing

together on a body
Stress and Strain in the Earths Crust

tensional stress: caused by forces pulling away from

one another in opposite directions
Stress and Strain in the Earths Crust

shear stress: due to movement parallel to but in

opposite directions along a full at or other boundary
Behavior of Rocks to Stress and Strain
elastic strain: strain in which a deformed body recovers its
original shape after the stress is released (ex: rubber band)

elastic limit: the maximum amount of stress that can be applied

to a body before it deforms in a permanent way by bending or
breaking

ductile: capable of being molded and bent under stress

brittle strain: cracking or rupturing of a body under stress

Present Deformation of the Crust

Geologists often say the crust of the earth is mobile or

restless because bedrock is moving and being deformed in
many parts of the world

fault: a fracture in bedrock along which movement has taken

place
 Geologic Maps and Field Methods

geologic map: a map which uses standardized symbols

and patterns to represent rock types and geologic
structures that is typically produced from the field map for
a given area

geologic cross section: represents a vertical slice through

a portion of the earth
 Strike and Dip

strike: the compass direction of a line formed by the

intersection of an inclined plane with a horizontal plane

angle of dip: a measurement downward from the horizontal

plane to the bedding plane

direction of dip: the compass direction in which the angle of

dip is measured
 Folds

fold: bends or wave-like features in layered rock

anticline: an upward arching fold

hinge line: the axis of the fold

syncline: a downward-arching counterpart of an anticline

axial plane: a plane containing all of the hinge lines of a fold

Plunging Folds

plunging folds: folds in which the hinge lines are not horizontal
Structural Domes and Structural Basins

structural dome: a structure in which the beds dip away from a

central point

structural basin: a structure in which the beds dip toward a central

point
 Interpreting folds

open folds: a fold with gently dipping limbs

isoclinal fold: a fold in which the limbs are parallel to one

another

overturned fold: a fold in which both limbs dip in the

same direction

recumbent fold: a fold overturned to such an extent that

the limbs are essentially horizontal
Interpreting folds & Unconformities
 Fractures in Rock

joint: a fracture or crack in bedrock where essentially no

displacement occurs

joint set: where joints are oriented approximately parallel to one

another
 Faults

dip-slip fault: movement is parallel to the dip of the fault surface

strike-slip fault: horizontal motion parallel to the strike of the fault

surface

oblique-slip fault: both strike-slip and dip-slip components

Dip-Slip Faults

footwall: the underlying surface of an inclined fault plane

hanging wall: the overlying surface of an inclined fault plane

Dip-Slip Faults (cont.)

normal fault: a fault where the hanging-wall block has moved

downward relative to the footwall block

graben: when a block bounded by normal faults drops down

horst: when a block bounded by normal faults is uplifted

Dip-Slip Faults (cont.)

reverse fault: when the hanging-wall block has moved

upward relative to the footwall block

thrust fault: a reverse fault in which the dip of the fault plane
is at a low angle to horizontal
Strike-slip Faults

strike-slip fault: a fault where the movement is predominantly

horizontal and parallel to the strike of the fault

right-lateral fault: a strike-slip fault in which the block seen across

the fault appears displaced to the right

left-lateral fault: a strike-slip fault in which the block seen across the
fault appears displaced to the left