Objectives

On completion of this chapter , you will be

able to perform the following tasks:
Describe how data traffic is exchanged
between source and destination devices
Identify the roles and functions of a hub,
switch, and router, and where they best fit
in the network
Select the appropriate Cisco equipment
for a given set of network requirements

1
Network Structured Defined By
Hierarchy
Core Layer

Distribution
Layer

Access
Layer

2
 Access Layer Characteristics

Access Layer

End station entry pint to the network

3
 Distribution Layer
Characteristics

Access Layer
Aggregation Point
Router traffic
Broadcast / Multicast
Domains
Media Transiation
Security
Possible point for remote access

4
 Core Layer Characteristics

Core Layer

Fast transport to enterprise services

No packet manipulation

5
 OSI Model Overview

7 Application Reduces complexity

Application
(upper) Standardizes interfaces
6 Presentation
Layers Facilitates modular
5 Session engineering
4 Transport Ensures interoperable
technology
3 Network
Accelerates evolution
Data Flow
2 Data Link Simplifies teaching and
Layers
learning
1 Physical

6
 Role of Application Layers
EXAMPLES
Telnet
Application
HTTP

ASCII, EBCDIC
Presentation
JPEG

Operating System /
Session Application Access
Scheduling
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical

7
 Role of Data Flow Layers

7 Application

6 Presentation
EXAMPLES
5 Session
Reliable Or Unreliable delivery
TCP
UDP
4 Transport Error correction before retransmit
SPX
IP
Provide logical addressing which routers use for path
IPX
3 Network determination

Combine bits into bytes and bytes into frames

802.3/802.2
Access to media using MAC address HDLC
2 Data Link Error detection not correction

WIA/TIA-232
Move bits between devices
V.35
1 Physical Specifies voltage , wire speed and pin-out cables

8
 Encapsulation Data

Application
Presentation

Upper layer data Session PDU

TCP Header Upper layer data Segment

Transport

IP Header Data Packet

Network

LLC Header Data Data Link Frame

MAC Header Data
Physical Bits
0101110101001000010

9
 De-Encapsulation Data
Application
Upper Layer Data
Presentation
TCP Header
Session
Upper Layer Data
Transport
IP Header
TCP+Upper Layer Data

Network LLC Header

IP+TCP+Upper Layer Data

MAC Header
Data Link
LLC Hdr+IP+TCP+Upper Layer Data

Physical 0101110101001000010

10
 Physical Layer Functions

Defines

Media Type

Connector
Physical Ethernet 802.3 EIA/TIA-232 V.35

Signaling Type

11
 Physical Layer :Ethernet/802.3

10 Base 2__ Thick Ehernet

10 Base 2__ Thick Ehernet

Hub
Host
10 Base T _ Twisted Pair

Hosts

12
 Hubs operate at Physical Layer

Physical

B C D
A

All devices in the same collisions domain

All devices in the same broadcast domain
Devices share the same bandwidth

13
 Data Link Layer Functions

Defines

Physical source and destination

address Data 802.2
Frame
Link
Relay
Higher layer protocol HDLC
(Service Access Point)
associated with frame Physical Ethernet 802.3
EIA/TIA_232
Network topology V.35
Frame sequencing
Flow control
Connection-oriented or
connectionless

14
 Data Link Layer Functions
MAC Layer -802.3
6 6 2 Variable 4
# Bytes 8

Preamble Dest Add Source Add Length Data FCS

Ethernet II uses Type

0000.0c xx.xxxx here and does not use
802.2
IEEE Vender
assigned assigned

15
 Switches and Bridges Operate
at Data Link Layer
Data Link

OR

Each segment has its own collision domain

All segments are in the same broadcast domain
16
 Network Layer Functions

Defines logical source and Network

destination addresses IP, IPX
associated with a specific
protocol
802.2 H Frame
Data Link D Relay
Defines paths through L
C
network Ethernet 802.3
Interconnects multiple data EIA/TIA_232

links Physical V.35

17
 Network Layer Functions

Network Layer End Station Packet

Source Destination
IP Header address Data
address

Logical
Address 172.15.1.1

Network Node

18
 Network Layer Functions(cont.)
Address Mask
172.16.122.204 255.255.0.0

172 16 122 204

Binary
Address 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100

255 255 0 0
Binary
Mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

Network Host

19
 Network Layer Function (cont.)
4.0 4.1
1.1
1.0
4.3
1.3 2.2
2.1

1.2

S0 E0
E0 S0

4.2

Routing Table
Routing Table
NET INT Metric
NET INT Metric

1 S0 1
1 E0 0
2 S0 0
2 S0 0
4 E0 0
4 S0 1

Logical addressing allows for hierarchical network

Configuration required
Uses configured information to identify paths to networks 20
 Routers: Operate at the
Network Layer
Broadcast control
Multicast control
Multicast Path
determination
Traffic management
Connects to WAN
services

21
 Using Routers to Provide
Remote Access
Telecommuter
Modem or ISDN TA

Mobile User

Branch Office
Main Office

Internet

22
Connection-Oriented Sessions

Sender Receiver
Synchronize

Negotiate Connection

Synchronize

Acknowledge

Connection Established

Data Transfer
(Send Segments)
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61