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FlowratedeterminedbyHeadlossdh=h1h2
Darcys Law
Henri Darcy established empirically that the
flux of water through a permeable formation
is proportional to the distance between top
and bottom of the soil column.
The constant of proportionality is called the
hydraulic conductivity (K).
V = K (h/L)
and since
Q = VA (A = total area)
Q = KA (dh/dL)
Hydraulic Conductivity
K represents a measure of the ability for
flow through porous media:
Avvoids
A=totalarea
Darcy & Seepage Velocity
Thus V S = VD / n
Equations of Groundwater Flow
Vx
Vx Vx
x
Vx Vy Vz 0
x y z
Derivation of 3-D GW Flow
Equation from Darcys Law
Replace Vx, Vy, and Vz with Darcy using Kx, Ky, and Kz
h h h
K x K y K z 0
x x y y z z
2h 2h 2h
2 2 2 0
x y z
2 h 0calledLaplaceEqn.
Transient Saturated Flow
Vx Vy Vz n
x y z t
A change in h will produce change in and n, replaced
with specific storage Ss = g( + n). Note, is the compressibility of aquifer
and B is comp of water,
therefore,
h h h h
K x K y K z Ss
x x y y z z t
Solutions to GW Flow Eqns.
Solutions for only a few simple problems can be
obtained directly - generally need to apply numerical
methods to address complex boundary conditions.
2h 2h 2h
2 2 2 0
x y z
2 h 0calledLaplaceEqn.
h0 h1
Transient Saturated Flow
Simplifying by assuming K = constant in all dimensions
And assuming that S = Ssb, and that T = Kb yields
h h h Ss h
x x y y z z K t
2 h 2 h 2 h Ss h
2 2 2
x y z K t
S h
h
2
fromJacob,Theis
T t
Steady State Flow to Well
Simplifying by assuming K = constant in all dimensions
and assuming that Transmissivity T = Kb and
Q = flow rate to well at point (x,y) yields
h h
2 2
Qx, y
2
x 2
y T
ConfiningLayer Aquifer
30ft
Example 2
Consider a 1-ft length of river (and channel).
Q = KA [(h1 h2) / L]
Where:
A = (30 x 1) = 30 ft2 K
= (0.25 ft/hr) (24 hr/day) = 6 ft/day
Therefore,
Q = [6 (30) (120 110)] / 2000
= 0.9 ft3/day/ft length = 0.9 ft2/day
Permeameters
ConstantHead FallingHead
Constant head
Permeameter
Apply Darcys Law to find K:
V/t = Q = KA(h/L)
or:
K = (VL) / (Ath)
Where:
V = volume flowing in time t
A = cross-sectional area of the sample
L = length of sample
h = constant head
t = time of flow