Writing the

Research Report

Jose Rizal University

 Writing the Research Report
Write clearly
Be careful of terminology
Give adequate attention to the correct use
of grammar and correct spelling
As much as possible, use present tense
rather than past tense
Make direct and positive sentences
Label all chapters, sections, sub-sections,
tables, and charts

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 Language and Style
Observe objectivity
Write as clearly, as simply, and as briefly as possible
Be consistent in using terms and symbols
Must have element of continuity (transition)
Observe correct grammar and spelling
Past tense - description of procedures, review or
related literature, and opinion of respondents
Present tense - makes reference to table or
graphs
Future tense - recommendations and implications

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 Language and Style
Numbers
should be words when they are under 10,
written as figures above ten
Numbers at the beginning of sentences
should be written in words
Written in figures if a number is part of
measurement or statistic or sum of money
Percentages should be rounded up or down
to a whole figure
Acronyms
Written in full the first time they are used in
the report
Reports must be in second or third person

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 Writing the Research report

TEXT/BODY FONT - 12
TITLE FONT = 14 (BOLD)
FONT = TIMES NEW ROMAN
MARGINS
L = 1.5
R, T , B = 1

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 Report Organization

TITLE PAGE
First page of the paper
Title should be short and concise (12-15
words)

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 Report Organization
ABSTRACT
Brief summary of the research report
100-150 words
Should describe the research problem and
objectives, methods used, results of the
study, major conclusions and
recommendations
Written after the report has been
completed
Based on summary, conclusion, and
recommendations
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 Report Organization
INTRODUCTION
Provides adequate background of the
problem under investigation
Historical background
Presentation should lead to the
objectives of the study

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Chapter 1: The Problem and
its Background
Structure and Rationale
Statement of the Problem
Objectives of the Study
Significance of the Study
Limitations of the Study
Operational Definition of Terms
Framework

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 Chapter I
RATIONALE/BACKGROUND
Brief statement on origin of the problem
Account describing the circumstances which
suggested the research
Include justification of the selection of the study

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Problem should be stated precisely,
accurately, and clearly
Should be defined in terms which can be
obtained
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 Chapter I
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
States why the problem under study is important
Includes:
Statement relevant to felt needs
Potential contribution of research to body of
knowledge
Policy implications
SCOPE Other
ANDpossible uses OF THE STUDY
DELIMITATION
Properly define limits of the study
Nature of subjects
Limitation in population
Research instrument
Research design
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Define all variables operationally and conceptually

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 Framework

CONCEPTUAL
Presents relationship between
constructs/variables
Specific variables
THEORETICAL
Presents theory which explains the
existence of the problem under study
General framework for data analysis

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 Chapter 2: Review of Related
Literature
Tells what research has been or has been not
done on the problem
Explain or clarify the rationale of the study
Only related studies must be presented or
included (purpose, method, conclusions)
Discussions must be in form of brief critical
analysis or review
Clarify interrelationship of studies reviewed, point out
strengths and weaknesses
Point out the relationship of the reviewed literature to
topics at hand

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 Chapter 2: Review of Related
Literature
Problems, objectives, procedures, major
findings of previous researches
Statement as to how reviewed literature and
studies are related to each other and to the
topic of the present research
References must always be acknowledged
through parenthetical citation
In text, only last names of the author is given

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Purposes of Review of Related
Literature
Expands the introductory chapter
Further define the research problem
Provides theoretical basis for the research
question
Helps in the interpretation of results
Helps in outlining implications of the study

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 Common Errors in Review of
Related Literature
Solely depending on secondary materials
Concentrating on the related researches
findings alone
Overlooking references from less
developed countries

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 Sources of Literature

Libraries
Government/non-government libraries
Internet

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 Doing the Review
Have a good supply of 3x5 index
cards
Make use of note taking (article,
book, research)

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 Presenting Reviewed Literature

Chronological approach
Type of literature approach
Findings, theme or topic approach
Country approach

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 Chapter 3: Methodology
Research Design
Respondents
Sampling Method
Research Instrument
Data Collection
Data Analysis

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 Methodology
Discuss clearly and in detail the research design,
sampling procedure, data collection and instrument
used, data processing and analysis procedure
Describe the type and content of questions used,
how they are organized, method in validating
Research Design
Procedures followed in conducting the study
Any errors or weaknesses should be pointed out
Research Instrument
Describes the adoption, construction, and
administration of the instrument

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 Research Instruments
Observation
Interview
Questionnaire
Focus Group Discussion
Tests

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 Observation
Mans oldest method for collecting information
Main objective is to understand the context of human
behavior
Participant Observation (PO)
Done while researcher participates in activities the
respondents are engaged in
Individuals are not aware that they are observed
Danger of risking objectivity
Non-participant observation (NPO)
The researcher does not participate in the activity of
the group
Group is also unaware that they are under observation

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 Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data

Presentation of data collected

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 Results and Discussions
Present only relevant data
Do not repeat the same data in several places
Textual presentation should supplement or expand
the contents of tables and charts
Analyses should be objective and logical; facts not
opinions should prevail
Discussion of findings
Meaning of what has been found
Statements of inferences
Conditions that limit generalizations
Implication and application of findings
Suggestions for improvement
Reason for differences with other researches

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 Results and Discussion
TABLES
Number and Title
Every table should have number and
title
Title or caption should be clear
Each table is numbered by an Arabic
numeral written after the centered
word TABLE
Title is written two spaces below table
number
If title is long, set it in two or more
lines, single spaced, in inverted
One style/format
pyramid form should be used
consistently
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 Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusion
and Recommendation

Summary
Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations

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 Bibliography

Books
Journals
Unpublished Materials
Internet

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 Appendices
Letters
Questionnaires

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