WHAT IS GIS?

GIS DATA CONCEPT?

GIS DATA SOURCES?

LEADED OR UNLEADED?
WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH GIS?
 TOPIC 1
INTRODUCTION TO
GIS
Prepared and updated by:
Mdm. Siti Aekbal binti Salleh
Center of Studies Surveying Science and Geomatics
Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Shah Alam , SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN
GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY
Geospatialtechnology is an information
technology field that acquires, manages,
interprets, integrates, displays, analyzes
features or phenomena that occur on theearth

Geospatial technology - also known as

geomatics outside of the United States.

Geospatial technologies include a range of

modern tools, such as: -
remotely sensed data from aircraft and satellites
geographic information systems (GIS), and
Global Positioning Systems (GPS) that allow for mapping
and analysis of multiple layers of georeferenced data
 Originally, it was used mainly for the National
Defense, allowing a system of maps to be made
to pin point any necessary place exact location
of any particular target rapid mapping.

The technology involved is complex and is one of

the emerging industry that is changing the way
we live just like what computers did to us
decades ago.

For the past few years, the U.S Department of

Labour has listed geospatial technology as one of
the three emerging fields for career development,
along with nanotechnology and biotechnology
What is GIS?
What is GIS?
Various Definitions
An organised collection of hardware, software,
geographical data and personnel designed to
effectively capture, store, update, manipulate, analyse
and display all forms of geographically referenced
information
(ESRI, 1992)

A powerful sets of tools for collecting, storing,

retrieving at will, transforming and display spatial data
from the real world for a particular set of purposes
(Burrough, 1988)
 GIS is not just for specialists
Many of us use GIS on daily basis

Examples
Locate a restaurant go online type name
of restaurant and find it on a location map
To make a map for a project we go to the
Google Maps, locate a reference map and
superimposed our own content and
symbols to complete the map
To find the shortest route for driving, we
use an in-vehicle navigation system to
obtain the direction

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GIS,

CAD AND DBMS

GIS RELATES SPATIAL &

ATTRIBUTES DATA
ABLE TO PERFORM SPATIAL OPERATIONS ON
THE DATA
GIS?
CAD?
DBMS?
 Attribute Data

Spatial Data
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
GIS relates data spatial and attributes
data to:
Display maps and provide
information
Query database and generate
reports
Manipulate and Analyse
HISTORY OF GIS
Components of GIS
Types of GIS Software
Desktop GIS
Web Mapping
Virtual Globe
Server GIS
Developer GIS
Hand-held GIS
other type of GIS Software
Raster-based GIS
CAD-based GIS (Autodesk Map 3D)
 Desktop GIS
Last few years of 20th century

grew to become the most
widely used category of GIS
software
Focus on data use rather than
data creation, and excellent
tools for making maps, report
and charts, they represent
most peoples experience of
GIS today
Examples Autodesk World ESRI
ArcView, Intergraph Geomedia,
Idrisi and MapInfo Professional
GIS are the mainstream
Price <> RM7,000/-
workhorses of
Hand-held GIS

A hardware design and

miniaturization have improved
dramatically over the past few years,
so it has become possible to develop
GIS software for mobile and personal
use on hand-held systems

Palm and Pocket devices can support

many display, query, and simple
analytical applications
Hand-held GIS are now available from
many vendors and include Autodesk
OnSite, ESRI ArcPad and Small World
Scout
Cost <>RM2000-RM3000
 Component GIS
With the advert of component-based
software development, a number of GIS
have released collections of GIS software
component

Tool kits of GIS functions that a

programmer can use to build a full GIS
software system components can be
embedded within other software system

Component GIS offer strong display and

query capabilities but limited cartography
and analysis tools

Examples GeoObjects, ESRI MapObjects

and MapInfo MapX

are used by developers to create focu

 GIS Viewer

Late 1990s, a number of vendors

released free GIS viewers that are
able to display and query popular
formats
Example ArcExplorer, Geomedia
Viewer and Mapinfo Proviewer
GIS viewers have limited
functional capabilities restricted to
display, query and simple
mapping. They do not support
editing, sophisticated analysis,
modelling or customisation
 Internet GIS
The GIS products with the highest
potential user based and lowest per
cost are those in internet GIS category.

Stimulated by the widespread

availability of the internet and market
demand for greater access to
geographic information

Initially focus on display and query

application making simple things
simple and cost effective with more
advanced applications becoming
available as user awareness and
technology expanded data delivery
mechanism

Examples Autodesk MapGuide, ESRI

ArcIMS, MapInfo MapXtreme
Other types of GIS software-
Raster-based GIS
Raster-based GIS
Focus primarily on raster data and dster analysis
Example
ESRI extension Spatial Analyst in ArcGIS Arcinfo or
ArcView
ERDAS Imagine, Idrisi
CAD-based GIS
Start with computer-aided design (CAD)
packages and then had GIS capabilities
added
Example
AutoDesk Map, ESRI ArcCAD, Microstation
 Why use GIS?
complete complex tasks which would be
impossible or impractical using paper maps.

manage large datasets.

integration of many different types of data from

many different sources (maps, tabular data,
aerial photos, elevation models, satellite
imagery, CAD data, linear measurements, etc.) \

GIS registers a variety of different data to the

same coordinate space, which allows for the
analysis of the combination of different layers
Why use GIS?

Digital data are more stable than paper media

Digitally created maps are more easily updated

easy to reproduce maps.

GIS allows the creation and use of "one-time" maps

presentation; the map may never be used after that
presentation.

GIS allows individual users to tailor their map

displays for their own purposes, rather than having
to settle for a general-purpose paper map.
What can you do with GIS
Map Where Things
Are
Mapping where
things are lets you
find places that
have the features
you're looking for,
and to see where to
take action.

Maps of the
locations of
earthquake shaking
hazards are
essential to creating
and updating
building codes used
Map Quantities
People map quantities, like where the most and least are,
to find places that meet their criteria and take action, or to
see the relationships between places. This gives an
additional level of information beyond simply mapping the
locations of features.

For example, a catalog company selling children's clothes would

want to find ZIP Codes not only around their store, but those ZIP
Codes with many young families with relatively high income.
Map Densities
A density map lets
you measure the
number of features
using a uniform areal
unit, such as acres or
square miles, so you
can clearly see the
distribution.

This map shows

population density in
the east Asian and
Indian Ocean regions.
Find What's Inside
Use GIS to monitor what's happening and to take specific action by mapping
what's inside a specific area. For example, a district attorney would monitor
drug-related arrests to find out if an arrest is within 1,000 feet of a school--if so,
stiffer penalties apply.

Find What's Nearby

Find out what's occurring within a set distance of a feature by mapping what's
nearby.
The Pacific Disaster Center has developed and applied a Vulnerability-Exposure-
Sensitivity-Resilience model to map people and facilities (what's nearby)
exposed to flood risk in the Lower Mekong River Basin (the feature).
Map Change

Map the change in

an area to anticipate
future conditions,
decide on a course of
action, or to evaluate
the results of an
action or policy.

By mapping where
and how things move
over a period of
time, you can gain
insight into how they
behave.
GIS OPERATIONS

Spatial data 1. Data entry: use existing data, create

input new data
2. Data editing
3. Geometric transformation
4. Projection and reprojection
Attribute Data 1. Data entry and verification
management 2. Database management
3. Attribute Data manipulation
Data Display 1. Cartographic symbolization
2. Map design
Data 1. Attribute data query
Exploration 2. Spatial data query
3. Geographic visualisation
GIS OPERATIONS (CONTINUE..)

Data Analysis 1. Vector data analysis : buffering, overlay,

distance measurement, spatial
statistics, map manipulation
2. Raster data analysis : local
neighborhood, zonal, global, raster data
manipulation
3. Terrain Mapping and analysis
4. Viewshed and Watershed Analysis
5. Spatial Interpolation
6. Geocoding and dynamic segmentation
7. Path Analysis and network applications
GIS Modelling 1. Binary models
2. Index models
3. Regression models
4. Process Model
 GIS - AN ANALOGY
Imagine an overhead projector, with a series of transparencies laid upon it.
Each transparency is about your town, drawn to the same scale, and can
therefore be integrated with the others. But each transparency deals with a
different topic: roads, places, earthquakes, census divisions, soil landscape
data, and ecological zones:
 QUESTIONS A GIS CAN ANSWER
GIS should be able to answer five generic
questions

Location What is at ..?

What exist at a particular location. Location can
be describe in many ways e.g. place name, a
post-code or geographical reference such as
latitude or longitude
Condition Where is it?
Typical question - where is unforested section of
land at least 2000 sq. m in size within 100 m from
a main read and soil suitable for agriculture.

Trends What has changed since?

The third question might involve both the first
two and seeks to find the differences within an
area over time.
 QUESTIONS A GIS CAN ANSWER (CONTINUE.)

Patterns What spatial patterns exist?

You might ask this question to
determine whether cancer is a
major cause of death among
residents near a nuclear power
station.

Modelling What if ...?

What if . questions are posed
to determine what happens, for
example, a a new road is added to
a network, or if a toxic substance
seeps into the local groundwater
supply.
 Basic map concepts
Two components of
geographic data

Spatial Data
Descriptive and Attribute Data

GIS relates spatial and attribute data

to support:-
Map display of geographic objects
and their descriptions
Database query and reporting
Geographic analysis
 Attribute Data

Spatial Data
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
Basic map concepts
Two components of geographic data
Spatial Data
Attribute data or descriptive information

Spatial data - representation of geographic features or

information associated real world location
e.g. lamp post - represented as point on map
utility network - represented as line
parcel - represented as area or polygon
 GIS Data Source
PHOTOGRAMMETRY

REMOTE SENSING DIGITISING

GROUND SURVEY SCANNING

LiDAR

GLOBAL POSITIONING EXISTING DIGITAL

SYSTEM DATA
 TYPES OF GIS ANALYSIS
VECTOR-BASED ANALYSIS
MAP MANIPULATION
Feature Manipulation
Feature Identification and Selection
Feature Classification
PROXIMITY ANALYSIS (BUFFER, NEAR AND POINT
DISTANCE TOOLS)
OVERLAY ANALYSIS
PATTERN ANALYSIS
RASTER-BASED ANALYSIS
NETWORK ANALYSIS
Vector-based Network Analysis
Raster-based Network Analysis (path
analysis)
SURFACE OR 3D ANALYSIS
Trends and
Future

Augmented Reality and GIS

PREPARED BY: SITI AEKBAL

SALLEH (PPSUG) 44
 END
THANK YOU

PREPARED BY: SITI AEKBAL

SALLEH (PPSUG) 45