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Algorithm
1. Read off intercepts of plane with axes in
terms of a, b, c
2. Take reciprocals of intercepts
3.Reduce to smallest integer values
4.Enclose in parentheses, no
commas i.e., (hkl)
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Crystallographic Planes
z
example a b c c
1. Intercepts 1 1
2. Reciprocals 1/1 1/1 1/
1 1 0
y
3. Reduction 1 1 0
a b
4. Miller Indices (110) x
z
example a b c
1. Intercepts 1/2 c
2. Reciprocals 1/ 1/ 1/
2 0 0
3. Reduction 2 0 0 y
4. Miller Indices (100) a b
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Crystallographic Planes
z
example a b c
c
1. Intercepts 1/2 1 3/4
2. Reciprocals 1/ 1/1 1/
2 1 4/3 y
b
3. Reduction 6 3 4 a
x
4. Miller Indices (634)
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Crystallographic Planes
29
X-Ray
z
Diffraction
z
Pattern
z
c c c
y (110) y y
a b a b a b
Intensity (relative)
x x x
(211)
(200)
Diffraction angle 2
Diffraction pattern for polycrystalline -iron (BCC)
Adapted from Fig. 3.22, Callister 8e.
30
X-Rays to Determine Crystal Structure
Incoming X-rays diffract from crystal planes.
de
te
ct
or
1
in ray
co s
ys
X- reflections must
m
ra be in phase for
X-
in
2
g
a detectable signal
1
ng
extra
o i
2
g Adapted from Fig. 3.20,
distance
ut
o Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
travelled
by wave 2 spacing
d between
planes
Measurement of X-ray
n
critical angle, c, intensity d
(from 2 sin c
allows computation of
detector)
planar spacing, d.
c
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Why Is Symmetry
Important?
Identification of Materials
Prediction of Atomic Structure
Relation to Physical Properties
Optical
Mechanical
Electrical and Magnetic
CRYSTAL SYMMETRY
Centre of symmetry
Planes of symmetry
Axes of symmetry.
PLANE OF SYMMETRY