Massobrefluidos,solubilidad,

transporteyprecipitacin:
Zoneamientoypulsoshidrotermales:
algunas"trampas"
CursoUNESCOSEG,UniversidadCentral,Quito,Junio2003

LlusFontbot
DpartamentdeMinralogie,SectiondesSciencesdelaTerre,UniversitdeGenve,Suisse
lluis.fontbote@terre.unige.ch
 DefinitionsandOutline
Mineralassemblage:impliesequilibrium
Mineralassociation:doesnotimplyequilibrium
Paragenesis:usedindifferentways,generallytodescribethemodeof
occurrenceofphasesrelativetotheirneighbours
Parageneticsequence:chronologicorderofformation

Thephrase"parageneticsequence"isclear.Howevertheimplicationsofa
parageneticsequencearenotalwaysunivocal,innotconsideredwiththe
spatialandtemporalzoning.Wewillexplorethefollowingsubjects*:

Mineralassemblagesinporphyrysysems(M.Einaudi)
"Metalstages"andzoning
Effectsmetalsolubilityonparageneticsequenceandzoningof
Temporalzoning(progradeandretrogradestages)

*discussionmainlybasedonHemleyetal.(1992)anHemley&Hunt(1992),Hydrothermal
OreFormingProcessesinthelightofstudiesinrockbufferedsystems.PartsIandII.
EconomicGeology,v.87,122,and2343.
L. Fontbot (2003)
 QuickTime and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Sulfidationstate

M.Einaudi,http://pangea.stanford.edu/research/ODEX/marcohilosulf.html
QuickTime and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

M.Einaudi,http://pangea.stanford.edu/research/ODEX/marcohilosulf.html
HighSulfidationEpithermalAu
ElIndio,ChileFX23052

enargiteCu3AsS4

L. Fontbot (2003)
 HighSulfidationCuAu

Smelter,ColquijircaDistrict,Peru,FPE129,1
L. Fontbot (2003)
 "Stages"andmetalzoning:
A"simple"case
py Apossibleinterpretationwouldbetopostulate
cp
stageIfluidrichinFeandCuandpoorinZnandPb
sl
stageIIfluidrichinZnandPb
gn

time But,infact,inmostcases,thisinterpretationwill
bewrong...

letusconsiderotherpossibilities

L. Fontbot (2003)
Brine and vapour FI in porphyry copper deposits

Ulrich, T., Gnther, D, Heinrich, C.A. (1999) Nature, v. 399, p. 676-679.

 1kbar,1mchloridetot Letusconsiderafluidwith
kfspmuscbuffer ~10000ppmFe
~200ppmZn
~100ppmCu
~60ppmPb
py
i.e,arealisticfluid,richerinZn
cp thanCu!...wewouldobtainthis
sl sequence
gn

time py
cp
sl
gn

time

Hemley&Hunt(1992) L. Fontbot (2003)

 1kbar,1mCltot Msconclusiones
kfspmuscbuffer
- Cuenlaparteinternadelsistema.
CuandoCuprecipita,ZnyPbestn
lejosdesaturacin.
- ZnyPbtienensolubilidades
similaresymuchomayores:
elementosfrecuentementeasociados,
yenpartesexternas,avecessinCu
nipy.
- Dependiendodelas
concentraciones,slognpueden
precipitarprimero
- Feesmuysoluble,perotambin
muyabundante.Puedeempezara
precipitarpronto.
- ElZnyelPbpueden"escapar"sin
precipitar(ocurrefrecuentementeen
prfirossincalizasenlasrocas
encajantes).Enotraspalabrasel
hechoquenohaymineralizacinde
ZnPbnosignificaquenohabaZn
Pbenelfluido
Hemley&Hunt(1992) L. Fontbot (2003)
Solubilidad:Influenciadelapresin
Ingeneral,solubilityincreasesifPdecreases.VeryimportantforhighT
evolutioninporphyrysystems

0.5kbars

1kbar
2kbars

2kbars

Hemleyetal.(1992)
ButteZoning

Hemley&Hunt(1992)
Principal pit

Pocobamba Formation

Cu(Ag) in enargite-pyrite with alunite

200 m

Cu(Ag-Bi) in chalcopyrite (tennantite,

bornite, Bi sulfosalts) with dickite alunite

Zn-Pb-Ag in sphalerite-galena-kaolinite
-dickite-alunite and sphalerite-galena-
hematite-carbonates in the external parts

Mercedes-
Choccayoc pit
Bendez,R.
ElefectodelapresinaaltaPT
leaching! Importantforfluidsexsolving
fromplutonsoringeneralhot
fluids.

UsingpathA,constructed
betweenadiabatic(noheat
exchangewithadjacentrock)and
geothermal(completethermal
equilibration)paths,therewillbe
asolubilityincreaseinthefirst
coolingstages.

ThisexplainsFeleachingandCu
"barren"portionsinthecoresin
certainporphyrysystems.

Hemley&Hunt(1992)
 CuandFe
leaching

CuandFe
precipitation

Hemley&Hunt(1992)
Progradeandretrogradezoning

(openspacefilling)

E.Bendez (2003)
500C,1kbar
EffectofT
decreaseinthefS2
fS2diagram

Ingeneral:fS2andFO2
decrease,thretriplepoints
move,butthetopologic
relationshipsremainthe
same

Example:transformation
mt>hm(martitization)

Hemleyetal.(1992)
500C,1kbar
EffectofT
increaseinthefS2
fO2diagram

Ingeneral:fS2andFO2
increase,thetriplepoints
move,butthetopologic
relationshipsremainthe
same

Example:transformation
hm>mt(mushketovite)in
severalIOCGdeposits

Hemleyetal.(1992)
untadelCobreIOCG

rschik & Fontbot (2001)

PuntadelCobreIOCG

Marschik & Fontbot (2001)

500C,1kbar

EffectoflowfS2

Paragenesis without
py and cp, (and
without gn and sl)

Salobo IOCG, Brazil:

- hm/mt boundary
- no py
- cp-bn >cc , no hm (I)
- bn-cc>cp , hm (II)

Hemleyetal.(1992)
Ore type II
Salobo,Brasil(Requiaetal.2003)