Determining the Optimal

Reactive Power Dispatch of a

Distribution System with 16th International
Symposium on
Renewable Energy Sources Advance
Intelligent
using Differential Evolution Systems (ISIS
2015)
Algorithm
Mokpo, South
Korea

In Ho Ra
Dept. of Information and Telecommunications Engineering
Kunsan National University

November 4-7, 2015

16th International
Symposium on
Advance
Intelligent TABLE OF CONTENTS
Systems

Mokpo, South
Korea

Introduction

Differential Algorithm

Simulation Environment

Results and Discussion

Conclusion
16th International
Symposium on
Advance
Intelligent INTRODUCTION
Systems

Mokpo, South
Korea
Using RE sources provide benefits not only to the
consumers and environment but to the whole distribution
system as well.
utilization of RE sources and improvements in power
electronic technologies has paved the way for the
creation of distributed generation (DG) systems and
concepts like smart grids (SG) and micro grids
several issues as efficiency and effectiveness of integration arise
and are commonly affected by various factors that result in
limiting its optimal output
substantial loss in energy caused by the drop in voltage over
certain distance affecting its optimum energy output and
reliability
16th International
Symposium on
Advance
Intelligent INTRODUCTION
Systems

Mokpo, South
Korea
The goal of optimal reactive power dispatch is to make
the transmission loss minimal in addition to control of
voltage profile such that the voltage deviation at the
load buses with varying loading conditions.
Most of these study did not have consideration of the
integration of RE in the distribution system.
determining ORPD with distribution system with RE
will open issues and challenges on the future electric
grid
16th International
Symposium on
Advance
Intelligent SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT
Systems

Mokpo, South
Korea
data taken from the Feeder 11 of Panay Electric
Company (PECO)
a private utility company, which has a franchise of operations
for distribution system in Iloilo City, Philippines
16th International
Symposium on
Advance
Intelligent DIFFERENTIAL ALGORITHM
Systems

Mokpo, South
Korea
Storn and Price
Proposed a new floating point encoded evolutionary algorithm
for global optimization in 1995
DE is a population-based algorithm that uses
crossover, mutation and selection operators
self-adaptive
employs a greedy selection process that is the best new
solution and its parent wins the competition
provides a significant advantage of converging performance
compared to Genetic Algorithm
16th International
Symposium on
Advance
Intelligent DIFFERENTIAL ALGORITHM
Systems

Mokpo, South
Korea
optimization parameters must also be optimally
tuned.
largely dependent on the size of the problem at hand
NP=20D is said to be more than adequate
several tries before solving the problem may be sufficient to
choose the suitable number of the individuals
16th International
Symposium on
Advance
Intelligent DIFFERENTIAL ALGORITHM
Systems

Mokpo, South
Korea
Application on the Distribution System
sizing and siting of DG units and shunt capacitors in distribution
systems is a very complex combinational optimization problem
mixed integer, nonlinear, constrained optimization problem in which a
cost objective function has to be minimized while meeting a number
of equality constraints (e.g., power flow equations) and inequality
constraints (e.g., admissible ranges of the bus voltages and storage
energy constraints)

The first step in the algorithm is creating an initial population

Independent Variables - generator voltages, transformer tap settings
and shunt VAR compensations have to be generated
Dependent variables i- generators reactive power, voltages at load
buses and transmission line loadings
16th International
Symposium on
Advance
Intelligent DIFFERENTIAL ALGORITHM
Systems

Mokpo, South
Korea
::DE Algorithm::
Step 1: Give the DE parameters Np; F, Rc, kmax, D=dimension of vector
of control variables U.

Step 2: Initialize at random Np individuals within their limits.

Step 3: Calculate fitness function of each initial indi-vidual using

objective function FT.

Step 4: Set iteration K=1;

Step 5: Set Xgbest to the best particle have the best fitness among
all individual Xi0.

Step 6: Apply differential mutation to find Yi

Step 7: Apply crossover operator to find Zi

Step 8: Calculate new fitness function of each individual Zi using

objective function FT.

Step 9: Apply selection operator the select the new vec-tor Xi in the
next generation.

Step 10: If k < kmax set k=k+1 and go to step 5, other-wise go to step
11.

Step 11: Take Ubest = Xgbest and run load flow to calcu-late real
slack power, active power loss, and other ele-ments of state
16th International
Symposium on
Advance
Intelligent SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT
Systems

Mokpo, South
Korea
IEEE 123 bus standard test system was used to
simulate the solution of distribution system ORPD
problem
123 nodes
overhead and underground transmission lines
transformers, distributed loads and shunt capacitor banks
which are both three-phase and single phase in nature
In the analysis procedure, the use of load flow, which
can handle the balance and unbalanced three-phase
system, is utilized together with the differential
evolution (algorithm) to overcome the shortcoming of
the previous approach.
main objective is to determine the location and capacity of
capacitor to be installed which produces a minimum system
16th International
Symposium on
Advance
Intelligent SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT
Systems

Mokpo, South
Korea
differential evolution algorithm was initialized with the
parameter value of population size set to 30
Previous studies show that this value could be use to produce good results
We define parameters names their ranges and quantization as
parameter 1, [-30 100] and parameter 2, [1 127].
The first element of parameter 1 ( e.g. [-30, *]) is the minimum
value of the reactive power support while the second element
( e.g. [*, 100]) is the maximum value of the reactive power
support in kVAr.
The elements of parameter 2 are node ID of all nodes includes in
the 123 IEEE bus test system.
This means that the value of capacitor could take negative (-) reactive
power (inductive) and positive (+) reactive power (capacitive)
16th International
Symposium on
Advance
Intelligent SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT
Systems

Mokpo, South
Korea
The proposed DE-based approach has been developed
and implemented using the MATLAB software.
Several runs have been done with different values of DE key
parameters such as
differentiation (or mutation) constant F
crossover constant CR
size of population NP, and
maximum number of generations (GEN) which is used as a
stopping criteria to find the optimal DE key parameters
16th International
Symposium on
Advance
Intelligent RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Systems

Mokpo, South
Korea
maximum voltage
deviation of PQ
buses is VD=0.0709
characteristic of
convergence of DE
algorithm is shown in
(a) and (b)
(a) Characteristics of Convergence of DE
Algorithm for ORPD

(b) Voltage Variations of Minimum and Maximum

Values
16th International
Symposium on
Advance
Intelligent CONCLUSION
Systems

Mokpo, South
Korea
In this paper, we present an efficient solution to the
determination of the global or near-global optimum solution for
optimal reactive power dispatch with and without voltage
deviation in PQ buses using Differential Algorithm.
main advantages of the DE-based with other ORPD problem
approaches, is that optimization of different type of objective
function, real coded of both continuous and discrete control
variables and nonlinear constraints are easily handled.
proposed algorithm was tested on the IEEE 123-bus system to
minimize the active power loss and optimal setting of control
variables are obtained in both continuous and discrete value
results show effectiveness and robustness using standard test
system
16th International
Symposium on
Advance
Intelligent CONCLUSION
Systems

Mokpo, South
Korea
practical applications of this study are currently
implemented as part of the Panay Electric Company
upgrades
In the future, an intensive level of research must be
conducted to understand the impacts of distributed
resources in Distribution System
detailed and accurate planning, analysis methods and
appropriate assessment software must be included in
distribution system studies to mitigate the harmful effects of
DG
16th International
Symposium on
Advance
Intelligent
Systems

Mokpo, South
Korea

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