QUESTIONS

1. what are the three parts of all cell

signaling pathway?
2. what is the difference between a ligand
and a receptor protein?
3. what happens with a receptor protein
when it binds to a signal molecule?
4. what prevents all cells to response a
signal molecule instead limits the signal
to a target cell?
 Questions
1. Why is G-protein coupled receptor
named this way?
2. what role does G-protein coupled
receptor actually play?
3. how is energy used in this reception
pathway?
4. what trigger the switch to reset?
5. why is this important?
 Questions
1. what is a tyrosin kinase?
2. how RTK differ from G-protein coupled
receptor?
3. how is energy used in this reception
pathway?
4. how RTK connected to cancer?
 Questions
1. explain the relationship between receptor
protein shape and regulation of cellular
response?
2. what role neurotransmitters play in nerve
cell communication?
3. how might competitive inhibition affact
cell signaling
 1. what is phosphorylation and what role
does it play in cell communication?
2. what is the difference between first and
second messenger?
3. what is phosphorylation cascade?
 RAS-RAF signaling is initiated by receptor tyrosine
kinases upon their activation by growth factors in the
extracellular space.3
Activation of the protein RAS causes the membrane
recruitment and activation of RAF proteins.3
In turn, activation of RAF leads to the phosphorylation of
MEK, another protein kinase.3
Next, MEK phosphorylates ERK, a type of MAPK, which
can directly and indirectly activate many transcription
factors.3
The activation of these transcription factors then leads to
the expression of genes that regulate cell proliferation
and survival.3