Raman

Spectroscopy
Carlos Espinosa
A00231711
 History
The Raman effect was named after one of its
discoverers, the Indian scientist Sir C. V. Raman
who observed the effect with sunlight (1928,
together with K. S. Krishnan)

Raman won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for

this discovery, accomplished by using the sunlight,
a photographic narrowband filter to create
monochromatic light and a "cross filter" to block
this monochromatic light.

He found that a small amount of light had changed

frequency passed through the "crossed" filter.

In the years following its discovery, Raman

spectroscopy was used to provide the first catalog
of molecular vibrational frequencies.
 Spectroscopy
Raman vibrational spectroscopic technique is used
to collect a unique chemical fingerprint molecules.

Each molecule has a different set of energy levels

of vibration, and the emitted photons have unique
wavelength changes.

This technique involves the collection and analysis

of these changes in wavelength and using them to
identify what is in a sample.

Different peaks in the spectrum correspond to

different excitations Raman.
 How does it
works?
The photons of laser light are absorbed by the
sample and then sent.

The frequency of photons sent moves up or down

compared to the original monochromatic frequency,
called the Raman effect.

This change provides information about low

vibrational transitions, rotational and other
molecules in frequency.

This spectroscopy can be used to study solid, liquid

and gaseous samples.
Equipment
 Applications
Raman Spectroscopy produces
information about a cell.

It informs about the state of the cell,

and possibly whether it is or is not
infected by viruses and whether or not
it is cancerous, pre-cancerous or non-
cancerous.

It can be used to study HIV and malaria.

It is also used in many different fields, in
fact, any application where it is
nondestructive, microscopic, chemical
analysis and the image is required.

If the objective is either qualitative or

quantitative data, the Raman analysis can
provide key information easily and quickly.

It can be used to rapidly characterize the

chemical composition and structure of a
sample.
Conventional Raman measures the radiation
intensity as a function of frequency (or
wavenumber).
 Advantages
Although another vibrational spectroscopy technique,
infrared spectroscopy (IR), that is more sensitive than
Raman it does not work well for aqueous solutions because
it suffers from large water absorption effects. Raman does
not suffer from these effects of absorption it actually needs
very little or no sample preparation at all.

It also has the added advantage that the spectrum are

generally unaffected by temperature changes, and that the
concentration of the particular samples is directly
proportional to the intensity of the spectral characteristics
shown.

Raman gives an objective and accurate results by reducing

the time delay for the diagnosis and does not require
chemicals which are added to the samples.
 Disadvantages
Unfortunately Raman scattering is a
rare event, about 1 in 30 million
photons is scattered Raman.

This means it takes a long time to get a

signal, which can also be highly masked
by fluorescence or other interference.
 References
University of Saint Andrews. (2008). Seeing the light
through a new light. 28 de octubre del 2016, de Photonics
for healthcare and medicine Sitio web:
https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/seeinglife/science/research/
Raman/
Raman.html

Princeton Instruments. (2006). Raman Spectroscopy Basics.

28 de octubre del 2016, de Princeton Instruments Sitio
web:
http://web.pdx.edu/~larosaa/Applied_Optics_464-564/Proj
ects_Optics/Raman_Spectrocopy/Raman_Spectroscopy_Basics
_PRINCETON
-INSTRUMENTS.pdf

Jos Luis Prez, Rogelio Murillo y Ral Gmez . (2007).

ESPECTROSCOPAS INFRARROJA Y RAMAN . 28 de octubre
del 2016, de UNAM Sitio web:
http://sistemas.fciencias.unam.mx/~fam/ EsRaman.pdf