APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE

METHODOLOGY IN CHARACTERIZATION
OF SYNTHETIC OIL WITH
NANOPARTICLES
Nor Syahirah Mohamad1,2, Salmiah Kasolang1,2
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA,40450 Shah
Alam Selangor , Malaysia
2
Tribology Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia

ABSTRACT METHODOLOGY
An optimized section modeled is often deployed to reduce trial and error in
experiment approach. In this study, Box-Behnken design (BBD) approach Sample Pin and disc material
has been used to investigate the characteristic of lubricant. In BBD, this preparation Synthetic oil (SAE 10W40)
approach based on multivariate whereby the effect of different parameters
is considered simultaneously. Hence, it is a non-linear system which is more Design of
realistic of the actual phenomenon. In this study, the effect of three experimen Box-behnken design
independent variables namely speed, load and concentration of TiO2 on the t
coefficient of friction (COF) was investigated. Each independent variable was Tribological
set at three-level: lower, middle and upper limit. By using this approach, the Pin-on-disc machine
test
number of experiment has reduced to 15 experiments from 100
experiments without optimization method. The result obtained from BBD has
Data
shown the most influential parameter which was speed followed by analysis RSM
concentration of TiO2 as the least normal load. Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
indicated that the proposed experiments from quadratic model successfully
interpreted the experimental data with a coefficient of determination of R 2 =
0.9931 and adjusted R2 = 0.9806. From the contour plot of BBD, the DISCUSSION
optimization zone for interacting variables can be determined. The zone
provide the range of values approximately at a load below than 11 kg and Second-order linear
ANOVA analysis
beyond than 17 kg with speed in the range of 1200 rpm to 1900 rpm exhibit equation model
a better reduction of friction.
OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVE
to investigate the main effect of three independent variables to the
coefficient of friction (COF).

to analyse the ANOVA and RSMSoptimization zone from interacting

variables.

INTRODUCTION
Main Effect Plot
.these inorganic nanoparticles are expected to
Nanoparticles
exhibit lubricating properties as low as 2 wt% RSM analysis
additive
concentration and to be applicable at high and
severe conditions. [1]
nanoparticle
s .nanoparticles dispersed in lubricants are
effective in reducing level of friction and wear [1]

the deposit of nanoparticles act a a third body,

debris reducing asperity interactions and thus increasing
load carrying capacity of the rubbing pairs. [2]

Response
Surface useful method to determine for optimum Optimization of COF
Methodology operating conditions based on several
(RSM) experiments done [3].

simplify and reduce the number of

experiments to be done [4].

analyze the interactions between input

variables that related to output variables
and identify the optimal response within
the experimental region [5].

REFERENCES
[1]Y. Hwang, C. Lee, Y. Choi, S. Cheong, D. Kim, K. Lee, J. Lee, and S. H. Kim, Effect of the size and
morphology of particles dispersed in nano-oil on friction performance between rotating discs, J. Mech.
Sci. Technol., vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 28532857, Nov. 2011.
[2] F. Chinas-Castillo and H. A. Spikes, Mechanism of Action of Colloidal Solid Dispersions, J. Tribol., vol.
125, no. 3, p. 552, Jul. 2003.
[3] R. V Lenth. 2010. Response-surface methods in R using rsm. J. Stat. Softw. 32(7):1 17.
[4] D. I. Ahmed, S. Kasolang, B. A. Khidhir, and N. R. Abdullah. 2013. Application of Response Surface
Methodology to Predict Oil-Film Friction in Journal Bearing. Applied. Mechanical. Material. 393: 931937.
[5] L. Wu, K. L. Yick, S. P. Ng, and J. Yip. 2012. Application of the Box-Behnken design to the optimization
of process parameters in foam cup molding. Expert Syst. Appl. 39(9):80598065.
CONCLUSION
(i) The ANOVA analysis reveals that speed is the main parameter,
which has greater influence than load and concentration. The
interaction of input variables indicates nanoparticles also have a
significant effect on friction. Although it is not the main effect
to friction, it creates a protective film formation in order to
reduce contact between interfacial surfaces during extreme
speed and load conditions.
(ii) The optimization zone shows approximately at load below than
11 kg and beyond than 17 kg with speed in the range of 1200
rpm to 1900 rpm exhibit better reduction of friction.