SURFACE AND

GROUND WATER

EN-517: WATER SUPPLY AND

SEWER SYSTEM DESIGN

Instructor: Wahaj Ahmad Farooqui

M.Engg. (Environmental), B.E
(Civil)
THE WATER CYCLE
 COMPONENT OF WATER SYSTEM

Water system generally comprises of:

1. Collection works
2. Purifi cation works
3. Transmission works
4. Distribution works
 COMPONENT OF WATER SYSTEM
(CONT..)
COLLECTION WORKS
Collection work:
Either tap a source continuously adequate in volume for
present and future demand.
Or convert an intermittently insuffi cient source into a
continuously adequate supply.

PURIFICATION WORK
Pu r i fi c a t i o n w o r k s a re i ntroduce d t o re n d e r w a t e r s u i t a b l e f o r t h e
p u r p os e i t m u s t s e r v e :

Disinfected. Corrosive water deactivated

Hard water softened. Demanganized.

No turbidity, odor and color

COMPONENT OF WATER SYSTEM
(CONT..)
COMMON TYPE OF WATER TREATMENT
PLANT
COMPONENT OF WATER SYSTEM
(CONT..)
TRANSMISSION WORKS
Convey the collected and purifi ed supply to community
through:
Gravity canals Aqueduct.
Inverted syphon. Karez
Aqueduct. Pump stations (pressure
lines) etc.
DISRIBUTION WORKS
Distribution works dispense water to consumers in
wanted volume at adequate pressure. In addition to
pipe line water distribution system mainly comprising
of:
Service (distribution) reservoir. Either underground or
overhead.
Pumping stations
 COMPONENT OF WATER SYSTEM
(CONT..)
Rainfall, Runoff, Storage and Draft Relation in the Development of
Surface Water
 COLLECTION WORKS

RAW WATER SOURCES

Common water sources for public water supply are rain

water surface water and ground water
In selecting a raw water source, the following factors
warrant the attention of the design engineer:
Raw water quality.
Continuous ad adequate quantity.
Potential for expansion.
Possibility of future deterioration.
Ease of intake construction.
Environmental impact.
COLLECTION WORKS (CONT..)

Distribution of Earth Water

C O L LE C T ION W OR KS
(C O N T. . )

Surface
Water
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Surface Water (C ON T. . )

Rivers, streams and lakes are natural surface water

sources.
Ponds and reservoirs are artifi cially constructed surface
water bodies.
Communities on or near streams, ponds or lakes may
withdraw their supplies by continuous draft if stream
fl ows and pond or lake capacity are high enough all
seasons of the year to furnish requisite water volumes.
Most large streams are polluted by waste from
upstream communities and industrial activities and
hence must be purifi ed before use.
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Surface Water (C ON T. . )

The annual discharge of water source must be equal

or exceed the demands of community for reasonable
numbers of years in the future.
Because dry Season fl ows generally fall short of
requirement, their fl ood waters must be stored.
Necessary reservoirs are impounded by constructing
DAMS across the stream valley.
The area draining to impounded reservoir is known as
catchment area or Water Shed.
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Surface Water (C ON T. . )

CONSIDERATION FOR WATER CAPACITY OF DAM RESERVOIR

Gradual
diminution of
reservoir Release of
volume by agreed-on flows
Allowance of siltation. to the valley
evaporation from below the dam
new water surfaces (compensating
generated by the water).
impoundage

Increased ground
storage in the
flooded area
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Surface Water (C ON T. . )

Spillways & Outlets - Compensation water

W h en a d a m i s c o n s t r uc t e d a c ro s s a ri v e r v a l l e y , a n o u t l et p i p e , u s ua l l y i n

a t un n e l , m u s t b e pro v i d e d f ro m t h e re s e r vo i r t o a l l o w s o m e w a t er t o

co n t i n u e t o fl o w i n t h e r i v e r d o w n s t re a m . Su ffi c i e n t w a t er m us t b e l et

t h ro u g h t o m a i n t a i n t h e fi s h a n d w i l d l i f e t h a t us e t h e r i ve r, a n d t h e na t u ra l

ve g et a t i o n i n a nd a ro u n d i t . Th i s w a t e r i s c a l l e d c o mp e n s a t i o n w a t e r
h t t p : / / b r i t i s h d a m s . o r g / a b o u t _ d a m s / c o m p e n s a t i o n w a t e r. h t m
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Surface Water (C ON T. . )

DAM AND INTAKE TOWER FOR AN IMPOUNDED SURFACE WATER

SUPPLY
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Surface Water (C ON T. . )

INTAKE WORKS (LAKE AND STREAMS)

 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Surface Water (C ON T. . )

INTAKE WORKS (RIVER OR LAKE WITH VERTICAL PUMP)

 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Surface Water (C ON T. . )

INTAKE WORKS GENERAL DESCRIPTION

River intakes are constructed well upstream from
points of discharge of wastewater and industrial waste.
should be constructed at deep water.
Stable bottom
Favorable water quality.

Shifting the depth of

draft makes it possible
to collect clean bottom
water hen wind is
offshore and vise versa.
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Surface Water (C ON T. . )

INTAKE WORKS GENERAL DESCRIPTION (cont.)

Entrance velocity is kept in the range of 0.3 ft/s (0.9
m/s).
At such low velocity, leaves debris do not entrained and
fi shes are able to escape from intake current.
Ports are kept at diff erent horizons to permit water
quality selection and optimization.
A vertical interval of 4.5 m between ports is common.
Submerged grating are given openings of 2-3 inches.
Screens are generally are of two to eight meshes to the
inch.
Intake conduits designed to operate at self cleansing
velocity i.e. 0.9-1.2 m/sec.
Suction lift including friction should not exceed 4.5-6 m.
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Surface Water (C ON T. . )

INTAKE WORKS PICTORIAL

 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Surface Water (C ON T. . )

INTAKE WORKS PICTORIAL

 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Surface Water (C ON T. . )

INTAKE WORKS (SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM)

 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Surface Water (C ON T. . )

Mass Diagram Method of Storage Required in Reservoir

C O L LE C T ION W OR KS
(C O N T. . )

Ground
Water
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

Groundwater is more widely distributed than surface

water.
Groundwater off ers naturally purer, cheaper, and more
satisfactory supply than does surface water.
It is generally available at the point of use and hence
obviates the need to incur substantial transmission cost.
During development of groundwater as source, following
factors need to be considered:
1. The maximum volume of water that can be withdrawn from
body of groundwater.
2. The ability of aquifer to transmit water in requisite
quantities to well. Permeability and Transmissivity are the
indicators of this capability.
3. Quality of water.
4. Reliability and permanence of the available supply.
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

GROUNDWATER FEATURES OF THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

POROSITY
The amount of water stored in
saturated materials depends on
the materials porosity.
Porosity is the ratio of the
aggregate volume of interstices
in a rock of soil to its total
volume.
Porosity in usually expressed as a
percentage.
Porosity is static quality of rocks
and soil.
Porosity is NOT a measure of
permeability.
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

PERMEABILITY
Pe rme ability is dy namic quality of soil or rock.
Pe rme ability is capacity of rock or soil for transm itting a fl uid
unde r infl uence of hy draulic gradie nt.
There is not direct re lationship between permeability and porosity.
Clay s with 50% po rosity have ex tre me ly low pe rm eability ;
sandstone with porosities of 15% or less may be quite pe rvious .
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

GROUNDWATER GEOLOGY
The g eological framew ork of an area p rovides the mos t v aluable
guid e to the occ urrence and availab ility of groundw ater.
Rocks , the s olid ma tter forming Earth Crus t, are a n as semb lag e
of minerals.

In the geolog ical se n se ,

te rm Rock include s bot
the hard, cons olidate d
formations and loose ,
u ncon solidate d
mate rials.
With re sp ec t to the ir
origin, the y fall into
thre e main cate gor ie s :
1. Igneous
2. Metamorphic
3. sedimentary
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

Igneous
Igneous rocks are formed from the solidifi cation of molten
rock material. There are two basic types:
1) Intrusive igneous rocks: such as diorite, gabbro, granite
and pegmatite that solidify below Earth's surface. Fresh
intrusive rocks are compact, not water bearing. Having
porosity < 1%.
2) Extrusive igneous rocks:such as andesite, basalt,
obsidian, pumice, rhyolite and scoria that solidify on or
above Earth's surface.
Metamorphic
The original rock (protolith) is subjected to heat
(temperatures greater than 150 to 200 C) and pressure
(1500 bars), causing profound physical and/or chemical
change. The protolith may be a sedimentary rock, an
igneous rock or another older metamorphic.
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

Sedimentary
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumula tion of sediments.
There are three basic types of sedimentary rocks:
1) Clastic Sedimentary Rocks such a s breccia, conglomera te,
sandstone and sha le, tha t a re formed from mechanical
weathering debris;
2) Chemical Sedimentary Rocks such as rock salt and some
limestone, that form when dissolved ma ter ials precipita te from
solution; and,
3) Organic Sedimentary Rocks such a s coal and some
limestone which form from the a ccumulation of pla nt or a nimal
debris.
Sedimentary formations include both consolidated, ha rd rock
(shale, sandstone, a nd limestone), unconsolidated ma terials
(clay, gravel, and sand).
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

Hydrologic Properties
In trusive Igneous rocks a re almost imper vious.
Extrusive igneous rocks can be good aquifer.
metamorphic rocks are impervious and make poor aquifer.
Sedimentary Rocks:
Sedimentary formations include both consolidated, hard rock
(shale, sandstone, and limestone), unconsolidated materials (clay,
gravel, and sand)
Some sandstones may be almost impermeable, and other highly
pervious.
Porosity of sandstones ranges from less than 5% to maximum of
30%.
Limestone vary widely in density, porosity and permeability.
Sand and gravels are by far the best water producing sediments.
Clay and silt are poor aquifer.
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

Types of Aquifer
Unconfi ned or Water Table Aquifer:

Those in which the upper surface of the zone of saturation is

under atmospheric pressure.
this surface is free to rise and fall in response to the change of
storage in the saturated zone.
Confi n ed or Artesian Aquifer:

porous stratum dips beneath an impervious layer.

The fl ow is confi ned in much a same way an in a pipe tha t
drops below hydra ulic gra de line.
Semiconfi ned or Leaky Aquifer.

aquifers that are overlain or underlain by aquitards are

called leaky aquifer.
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

Definition sketch of confined and unconfined aquifers

 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

Ground Water Movement

Groundwater in natura l state is constantly in motion.
Rate of movement under the force of gra vity is governed by the
frictional resistance to fl ow off ered by the porous medium.
compared to surface wa ter, the rate of groundwater movement is
very slow.
In aquifer of high yield, velocities of 5 to 60 ft/d are a ssociated
with hydraulic gradient of 10 to 20 ft/mi.
Darcys Law
V = K (dh/dl) = KI
W h e re ,
V = h y p o t h e t i c a l , s u p e r fi c i a l , o r f a c e v e l o c i t y , t h ro u g h g ro s s cro s s s e c t i o n
a re a .
I = dh/dl = hydraulic gradient, or loss of head per unit length in the
d i re c t i o n o f fl o w.
K = c o n s t a n t o f p ro p o r t i o n a l i t y k n o w a s h y d r a u l i c c o n d u ct i v i t y ( o r co e ff . O f
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

The actual velocity known a s eff ective velocity varies from point
to point.
The average velocity through pore space is given by
V e = KI/
Where,
is effective porosity.
The proportionality coeffi cient in Darcys Law K, refers to the
character istics of both the porous medium and the fl uid:

K = Cd 2 /
Where,
C is dimension less consta nt summa rizing the geometric properties
of the medium aff ecting fl ow.
d is representative pore size.
is viscosity
is the specific weight of fluid.
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

The product Cd 2 is materia l property and called specifi c

permeability of water bearing medium.
K = Cd 2
K = k /
K = k g/
K = k g/
Now, the volume fl ow rate is equal to:
Q = A V
Q = A K dh/dl
K = Q/[A(dh/dl)]
Hydraulic conductivity (K) thus ma y be defi ned as the volume of
water per unit time fl owing through a medium of unit cross section
area under a unit hydra ulic gra dient.
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

Aquifer Characteristics
TRANSMISSIVI
TY
The ability of an aquifer to
tr ansmit water is
characterized by its
coeffi cient of
transmissivi ty .
It is a product of the
saturated thickness of the
aquifer b and the
average value of the
hydraulic conductivity (K)
in a vertical section of the
aquifer.
Thus,
T = Kb
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

Storage Coefficient
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

Confined Aquifers
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

Confined Aquifers
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

Confined Aquifers
Confined Aquifers
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

Confined Aquifers
 C OL L E C TION W O RK S
Ground Water (C ON T. . )

Confined Aquifers