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Chapter 29
Lecture
1
Chapter 29: Nuclear Physics
The Nucleus
Binding Energy
Radioactivity
Half-life
Biological Effects of Radiation
Induced Nuclear Reactions
Fission and Fusion
2
29.1 Nuclear Structure
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The nucleon number or mass number is A = Z+N, where
N is the number of neutrons.
4
Atoms of the same element with differing numbers of
neutrons are known as isotopes.
5
m A
For an atomic nucleus
V A.
r r0 A 3
1
As an equality
15
r r0 A 1.2 10
1
3
m
m
The density is
4 3
r
3
1.66 10 27 kg
2.3 1017 kg/m 3 .
4
3
1.2 10 m15
3
7
Example (text problem 29.9): Find the radius and volume
107
of the nucleus. Tc
43
The radius is
r r0 A
1/3
1.2 10 15
m 107
1/3
5.70 10 15 m.
4 3
The volume is V r 7.7 10 43 m 3 .
3
8
29.2 Binding Energy
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The binding energy (EB) of a nucleus is the energy that
must be supplied to separate it into individual protons and
neutrons.
10
Total energy of Z protons and N neutrons = (mass of Z
protons and N neutrons)c2.
11
12
Nucleons also obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle such that
only two protons (neutrons) can occupy each proton
(neutron) energy level.
13
14
Example (text problem 29.13): (a) Find the binding energy
of the 16O nucleus.
E B mc 2 127.8 MeV
15
Example continued:
EB
Binding energy per nucleon
number of nucleons
7.986 MeV/nucleon.
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29.3 Radioactivity
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During nuclear reactions:
1. Charge is conserved.
2. The total number of nucleons is constant.
3. Energy is conserved.
18
19
Alpha rays have been identified as helium nuclei.
A
Z P A 4
Z 2 D 4
2
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Example (text problem 29.29): Show that the spontaneous
alpha decay of 19O is not possible.
19
The reaction is 8 O C .
15
6
4
2
A
Z P A
Z 1 D e .
0
1
0
0
A
Z P A
Z 1 D e .
0
1
0
0
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The neutrino and antineutrino have no charge and are
nearly massless. They do not readily interact with matter.
23
During beta-minus decays, a neutron is converted into a
proton.
1
0 n p e
1
1
0
1
0
0
24
During inverse beta decay (electron capture) a proton in
a nucleus captures an electron. The reaction is
0
1 e p n .
1
1
1
0
0
0
25
Gamma rays were determined to be high energy photons.
208
81Tl
* 208
81Tl .
26
29.4 Radioactive Decay Rates
and Half-Lives
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Each radioactive nucleus has a probability per second that it
will decay, called the decay constant.
probability of decay
decay constant
unit time
N Nt.
number of decays N
R N
unit time t
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The number of nuclei remaining in a sample having N0
nuclei at t = 0 is
N t N 0 e t / .
1
is the mean lifetime of a nucleus.
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The activity at time t is R t R0 e t /
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It is common to write the expressions for N(t) and R(t) in
terms of half-life (T1/2).
t
t
1 T1 / 2
T1/ 2 ln 2 N t N0 2 T1 / 2
N 0
2
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Example (text problem 29.35): Some bones discovered in a
crypt in Guatemala are carbon dated. The 14C activity is
measured to be 0.242 Bq per gram of carbon. Approximately
how old are the bones?
R t R0 e t /
Solve for t:
R t
t ln
R0
T1/2 R t 5730 years 0.242 bq/gram
ln ln 270 years
ln 2 R0 ln 2 0.25bq/gram
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29.5 Biological Effects of
Radiation
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The sievert is the SI unit of biologically equivalent dose.
1 Sy = 100 rem.
36
Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation penetrates to different
depths in biological materials.
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Summary
The Nucleus (atomic & mass numbers)
Binding Energy
Radioactive Nuclei
Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation
Half-life and Activity
Absorbed Dose
38