Waterside

Heat Recovery
in HVAC systems

CCRD Lunch & Learn

5/28/14

2003 American Standard Inc.

waterside heat recovery
Common Uses
Process and commercial water loads
Potable water (preheating)
Supply air (heating)
Outdoor air (preheating)

2003 American Standard Inc.

preheating
Potable Water
Requires heat exchangers for
medium- and high-pressure chillers
Code may require heat exchangers for
low-pressure chillers

When
When the
the heating
heating medium
medium is is at
at aa higher
higher pressure
pressure thanthan the
the service
service
water,
water, the service water may be contaminated by leakage of the
the service water may be contaminated by leakage of the heating
heating
medium
medium through
through aa damaged
damaged heat heat transfer
transfer surface.
surface. In In the
the United
United States,
States,
some
some national, state, and local codes require double-wall, vented tubing
national, state, and local codes require double-wall, vented tubing
in indirect water heaters to reduce the possibility of
in indirect water heaters to reduce the possibility of cross- cross-
contamination.
contamination. When
When the
the heating
heating medium
medium is is at
at aa lower
lower pressure
pressure than
than
the service water, other jurisdictions allow single-wall tubing
the service water, other jurisdictions allow single-wall tubing heaters heaters
because
because any
any leak
leak would
would bebe into
into the
the heating
heating medium.
medium.
source:
source: 2003 ASHRAE Applications Handbook,
2003 ASHRAE Applications Handbook, p49.2
p49.2

2003 American Standard Inc.

waterside heat recovery
Basics
Cooling only
Cooling plus heat recovery
variations:
One condenser (heat pump)
Heat exchanger and one condenser
Two condensers

2003 American Standard Inc.

Cooling Only
cooling
tower

condenser
P
water-cooled
chiller

P
evaporator

cooling
load

2003 American Standard Inc.

single condenser (heat pump)
Cooling + Heat Recovery

heating
load

REQUIRED:
condenser heating load > rejected heat
P
water-cooled
chiller

P
evaporator

cooling
load

2003 American Standard Inc.

heat exchanger and one condenser
Cooling + Heat Recovery
cooling
tower
heating
load

condenser
P heat P
exchanger
water-cooled
chiller

P
evaporator

cooling
load

2003 American Standard Inc.

two condensers
Cooling + Heat Recovery
cooling
tower
P heating
load

standard
condenser
heat-
P recovery
condenser

P
water-cooled
evaporator chiller

cooling
load

2003 American Standard Inc.

types of
Heat-Recovery Chillers
Single condenser (bundle)
Dual condenser
heat-
standard
Equally sized condenser = recovery
condenser
bundles

Auxiliary condenser
heat-
Unequally sized standard
condenser > recovery
condenser
bundles

2003 American Standard Inc.

heat-recovery chillers
Single Condenser

helical-rotary (screw)
compressor
scroll compressor

centrifugal compressor
2003 American Standard Inc.
heat-recovery chillers
Dual Condenser
heat-recovery leaving capacity chiller
condenser water control? efficiency
Full capacity hot yes decreases
Partial capacity warm no increases

heat-recovery
condenser

standard
condenser

evaporator
water-cooled chiller with
centrifugal compressor

2003 American Standard Inc.

heat-recovery chillers
Comparison of Options
Chiller condenser option
Characteristic Dual Auxiliary Heat pump
Configuration Second, Second, No extra
full-size smaller condenser
condenser condenser
Application Large Preheating Large base-
heating loads heating loads
loads or continuous
operation
Leaving water Hot Warm Hot
Capacity control? Yes No Yes
Chiller efficiency Decreases Increases Acceptable
2003 American Standard Inc.
waterside heat recovery
Effect on Chillers
Compressor work is proportional
to lift
Lift is pressure difference between evaporator
and condenser
Warmer condenser water (for heat recovery)
raises condenser pressure

Changes in lift affect different compressors

differently
Positive displacement
Centrifugal (full load vs. part load)

2003 American Standard Inc.

positive-displacement water chiller
Refrigeration Cycle

heat recovery
5 condenser
2
4 3
pressure

expansion liquid/vapor
compressor
device separator

7 1
evaporator
6

enthalpy
2003 American Standard Inc.
2-stage centrifugal chiller
Refrigeration Cycle

Phr heat recovery

6
Pc condenser
4
pressure

expansion 5
devices economizer 2-stage
compressor
P1
8 7 3 2

Pe
evaporator
9 1

enthalpy
2003 American Standard Inc.
centrifugal chiller comparison
Efficiency
Operating mode
Chiller type Cooling Heat recovery

Cooling only 0.57 kW/ton Not applicable

(6.2 COP)

Heat recovery 0.60 kW/ton 0.69 kW/ton

(5.9 COP) (5.1 COP)

Entering to leaving water temperatures:

Evaporator 54F to 44F 54F to 44F
(12.2C to 6.7C) (12.2C to 6.7C)
Condenser 85F to 95F 85F to 105F
(29.4C to 35.0C) (29.4C to 40.6C)

2003 American Standard Inc.

system configurations
PrimarySecondary

Commonly
Commonly starting
starting point
point
but may not be best option
but may not be best option
for
for heat-recovery
heat-recovery chillers
chillers

heat-recovery chiller
production
(supply)

distribution
(demand)

2003 American Standard Inc.

system configurations
Example for Comparison
Design condition
Entering chilled water 56F
Leaving chilled water 40F
Cooling-only chiller(s) 500 tons at 750 gpm
Heat-recovery chiller 200 tons at 300 gpm

Present condition
Heating load 2000 MBh
Cooling load 550 tons at 825 gpm
System return water 56F
2003 American Standard Inc.
calculating
Available Heat

available heat (MBh) =

300 gal 60 min 1 hr 1 Btu 8.34 lb 1 MBh delta-T

1 min 1 hr lb F 1 gal 1000 Btu/lb

available heat (MBh) = 150 delta-T (F)

Note: Example omits motor heat for simplicity

2003 American Standard Inc.

chilled water system
Configuration Options
Primarysecondary
Preferential loading
Sidestream
Variable primary flow

2003 American Standard Inc.

system configuration
PrimarySecondary

Available
Available heat
heat
off =
= 150
150 (52.6
(52.6 40)
40)
52.6F 40F = 1890 MBh
= 1890 MBh

Auxiliary
Auxiliary heat
heat required
required
750 gpm
= 2000 1890
= 2000 1890
52.6F 40F =
= 110
110 MBh
MBh

heat-recovery
300 gpm chiller production
52.6F (supply)

40F
225 gpm distribution
(demand)
40F
56F 825 gpm

2003 American Standard Inc.

system configuration
Preferential Loading

Available
Available heat
heat
off =
= 150
150 (56
(56 40)
40)
52.6F 40F = 2400 MBh
= 2400 MBh

Rejected
Rejected heat
heat
750 gpm
= 2400 2000
= 2400 2000
production
(supply) =
= 400
400 MBh
MBh
51.2F

40F
distribution
225 gpm
(demand)

56.0F 40F

heat-recovery
300 gpm chiller
40F
56F 825 gpm

2003 American Standard Inc.

system configurations
Sidestream Loading

off Available
Available heat
heat
=
= 150
150 (56
(56 42.7)
42.7)
50.2F 40F = 2000 MBh
= 2000 MBh

900 gpm production No

No rejected
rejected heat
heat
50.2F (supply) No
No auxiliary
auxiliary heat
heat

51.2F 40F
distribution
75 gpm
(demand)

42.7F
56F

heat-recovery
300 gpm chiller
40F
56F 825 gpm

2003 American Standard Inc.

system configurations
Sidestream Loading
Control strategies:
Satisfy heating requirements
Maintain leaving-condenser
water temperature
(positive-displacement compressors)

2003 American Standard Inc.

system configuration comparison
Heat Available/Required
System configuration
Primary
Characteristic secondary Preferential Sidestream
Cooling load:
cooling-only units 393 tons 350 tons 383 tons
heat-recovery unit 157 tons 200 tons 167 tons
Heat-recovery 40F 40F 42.7F
supply temperature
Available heat 1890 MBh 2400 MBh 2000 MBh
Auxiliary heat 110 MBh 400 MBh* 0 MBh
required
*Surplus recovered heat must be rejected

2003 American Standard Inc.

system configurations
Distributed Sidestream
Typical application:
Remote heating requirement
Chilled water load
Small chiller (or water-to-water heat pump)

heating
load
heat-recovery chiller

chilled water
supply or return
2003 American Standard Inc.
 system configurations
Variable Primary Flow

Manifolded
Manifolded pumps:
pumps:
Modulate
Modulate valves
valves to
to
load chillers unequally
load chillers unequally

heat-recovery chiller

bypass line

modulating control valve

VFD for minimum chiller flow
control
valve
2003 American Standard Inc.
system configurations
Variable Primary Flow

Dedicated
Dedicated pumps:
pumps:
All
All pumps
pumps run
run at
at
same
same pressure
pressure
Modulate
Modulate valves
valves to
to
load
load chillers
chillers unequally
unequally

heat-recovery chiller

VFD

modulating control valve

for minimum chiller flow

control
valve
2003 American Standard Inc.
 system configurations
Variable Primary Flow

Piping
Piping heat-recovery
heat-recovery chiller
chiller
in
in sidestream
sidestream position
position may
may
simplify
simplify control
control

bypass line

modulating control valve

VFD for minimum chiller flow

heat-recovery
chiller
control
valve
2003 American Standard Inc.
waterside heat recovery
Summary
Analysis:
Determine heating loads to be satisfied
(or reduced)
Verify that heating and cooling loads
occur simultaneously
Analyze financial and environmental
benefits

2003 American Standard Inc.

waterside heat recovery
Summary
Design and operation:
Select proper chiller for duty
Select system configuration
Design heating and heat rejection systems,
including controls
Control the system properly
Reap economic and environmental benefits

2003 American Standard Inc.

waterside heat recovery in
HVAC Systems

questions

2003 American Standard Inc.