Network Layer

Protocol
By
Farhan M.Shaikh
B.Sc. (CS),M.Sc. (IT), B.Ed.,M.Ed., M.A (Sociology)., UGC-NET (Education/ Sociology)

Visiting Faculty
L.S. Raheja College, SantaCruz
Tolani College, Andheri
Pioneer Education Center, Borivali, Andheri & Vasai
L.I.I.T., Dadar & Mulund
Unit 1 : Network Layer Protocol
Internetworking
IPv4, IPv4 Protocol Packet Format
IPv6 Protocol Packet Format
IPv4 v/s IPv6
Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP,RARP)
BOOTP, DHCP

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Internetworking
In this section, we discuss internetworking,
connecting networks together to make an
internetwork or an internet

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Internetworking

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Links between two hosts

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Need for Network Layer

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Note

Switching at the network layer in the

Internet uses the datagram approach to
packet switching.

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Note

Communication at the network layer in

the Internet is connectionless.

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IPv4

The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the delivery

mechanism used by the TCP/IP protocols.

Topics discussed in this section:

Datagram
Fragmentation
Checksum
Options
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IPv4

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IPv4 datagram format

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IPv4 datagram format

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Service type or differentiated services

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Note

The precedence subfield was part of

version 4, but never used.

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IPv4 datagram format

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IPv4 datagram format

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IPv4 datagram format

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IPv4 datagram format

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Encapsulation of a small datagram in an Ethernet frame

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IPv4 datagram format

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Protocol values

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IPv4 datagram format

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IPv4 Fragmentation Example

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IPv4 Fragmentation Example

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IPv6

The network layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol

suite is currently IPv4. Although IPv4 is well designed,
data communication has evolved since the inception of
IPv4 in the 1970s. IPv4 has some deficiencies that
make it unsuitable for the fast-growing Internet.

Topics discussed in this section:

Advantages
Packet Format

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IPv6

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IPv6 Advantages

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IPv6 Advantages

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IPv6 Packet Format

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IPv6 Base Header

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IPv6 Base Header Fields

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IPv6 Base Header Fields

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IPv4 v/s IPv6 Header Fields

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IPv4 v/s IPv6

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ADDRESSMAPPING

The delivery of a packet to a host or a router requires

two levels of addressing: logical and physical. We need
to be able to map a logical address to its corresponding
physical address and vice versa. This can be done by
using either static or dynamic mapping.

Topics discussed in this section:

Mapping Logical to Physical Address
Mapping Physical to Logical Address

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Address Resolution Protocols

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Static Mapping
Creating a table that associated a logical address
with a physical address.
This table is stored in each machine on the network.
Each machine that knows, for eg, the IP address of
another machine but not its physical address can
look up in the table.
A static mapping table is usually updated
periodically. This overhead could affect network
performance.

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Dynamic Mapping
Each machine that knows one of the two addresses
(logical or physical), can use a protocol to find the
other one.
Two protocols have been designed to perform
dynamic mapping: address resolution protocol
(ARP) and reverse address routing protocol (RARP).
ARP maps a logical address to physical address.
RARP maps a physical address to a logical address.
ARP and RARP use unicast and broadcast physical
addresses.
Ethernet uses the all 1s address (FF:FF:FF:FF:FF) as
the broadcast address.
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ARP and RARP

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Position of ARP and RARP in
TCP/IP Protocol Suite

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ARP operation

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ARP operation

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Note

An ARP request is broadcast;

an ARP reply is unicast.

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Proxy ARP

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RARP, BOOTP and DHCP

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RARP

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RARP operation

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 Note:

The RARP request packets are broadcast;

the RARP reply packets are unicast.

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RARP

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BOOTP

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BOOTP client and server on the same and different networks

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BOOTP

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DHCP

DHCP provides static and dynamic

address allocation that can be
manual or automatic.

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DHCP

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DHCP

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References
Computer Networks,
Tanenbaum A (PHI)

Data Communications and Networking,

Forouzan B (TMH)

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