Microscopic System

Prepared by: Lim Ying Pei

FKK, UiTM Shah Alam
Fundamental Laws
1. CONTINUITY EQUATION
Total Continuity Equation
Component Continuity
Equation
 Total Continuity Equation, TCE
(Mass Balance)
The principle of the conservation of mass
when applied to a dynamic system says

Eq. (2.1)

- The right-hand side of Eq. (2.1) will be

either a partial derivative or an ordinary
derivative d/dt of the mass inside the
system with respect to the independent
variable t.
- The units of this equation are mass per
time.
- Only one total continuity equation can be
Example 2.2 (Microscopic
System)

Question: Develop a total continuity

equation, TCE for the pipe.
 Component Continuity
Equation,CCE (Component
Balance)

-The units of this equation are moles of

component j per unit time.
- The flows in and out can be both convective
(due to bulk flow) and molecular (due to
diffusion).
- We can write one component continuity
Example 2.5 (Microscopic
System)

Question : By assuming first-order reactions,

develop the component continuity equations
for reactant A.
Fundamental Laws
2. ENERGY EQUATION
- Energy = Capacity of doing work
- May exist in variety of forms and maybe
transformed from one type of energy to another
- The first law of thermodynamics puts forward
the principle of conservation of energy.( Energy
neither generated or consumed)

-
- Written for a general open system (where
flow of material in and out of the system can
occur) it is

- The units of this equation is energy per

time
Example 2.8 (Microscopic
System)