Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MATERIAL
SCIENCE
TOPIC 2: MATERIAL
STRUCTURE AND BONDING
PREPARED BY :
2) Element
) Consist of only one kind of atom and combine with 2
or more of same atoms.
) Cannot be broken down into a simpler type of
matter by either physical or chemical means.
) Can exist as either atoms (e.g. argon) or molecules
Continue.
3) Mixture
) Is a combination between TWO or MORE different
types of atoms but not combined by chemical
reaction.
) Properties of mixture
Composition of a mixture is variable.
Each of components retains its characteristic
properties.
Its components are easily separated
4) Compound
) Pure substances made up more than 1 compound
which have been joined together by chemical
reaction therefore the atoms are difficult to
separate.
ATOMIC NUMBER OF EPT
EPT
Element Periodical Table is a classification of
elements where any
element in this table can be represented by its
chemical symbol.
a chemical symbol consists of two numbers one at
the top left
corner and at the bottom left corner.
The number at the top is the Atomic or Proton
Number.Atomic 7 Chemical
No..or at the bottom is theSymbol
The number Mass Number or
Proton No.
Nucleon Number. N
Nitrogen
Mass No. or
Element 1 Nucleon
Name 4 No.
ATOMIC NUMBER
Example 2:
Find the number of protons, neutrons and electrons
present in an atom of Sodium, Na.
Answer:
The atomic number of sodium is 11; its mass
number is 23 (refer to periodic table)
atomic no. = electron no. = proton no. = 11
mass number = proton no. + neutron no.
23 = 11 + neutron no.
neutron no. = 23 -11 = 12
ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF AN
ATOM
The simplest model of atomic structure called the
planetary model where;
- to shows the electrons of the atom orbiting
around the nucleus at the certain fixed distances
and can called shells.
Step for arranged the electrons in an atom:
The 1st shell : contain a maximum 2 electrons
The 2nd shell: contain a maximum of 8 electrons
The 3rd shell : contain a maximum of 8 electrons
(In reality, the 3rd shell can contain a maximum of
18 electrons)
Continue
10n
9n
2nd shell
nucleus
ELEMENT SEQUENCE IN EPT
Example 5:
The electronic structures of sodium, magnesium
and aluminium are 2:8:1; 2:8:2 and 2:8:3
respectively. Each element has THREE electron
shells.
Period Number = Number of Electron Shells
TYPES OF ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR
BONDS
Intreratomic bond
(Strong)
Intermolecular
bonds (Weak)
Dipole Bond
Primary Bonds
a) Ionic Bond
the atoms of one element give up their outer
electron(s), which are in turn attracted to the
atoms of some other element to increase their
electron count in the outermost shell to eight.
Form between highly electropositive (metallic)
element and highly electronegative (nonmetallic)
element.
An elements were transferred their electron(s)
become positive ion (+ve) while an elements were
accepted the electron(s) become negative ion (-ve).
Primary Bonds
v v
v v
v v
v v
v
v
v v vv
v v vv v
v v v v v
v v v v v
v v v
v v
v
v
v v v
v v v v
v v v
v v v v
v v
v
v
Na +
Cl -
Na Cl
b) Convalent Bond
Atoms of some elements may attain a stable
electron structure by sharing one or more electrons
with adjacent atoms.
E.g NH3 (Ammonia) & H2
c) Metallic Bond
) The atomic bonding mechanism in pure metals and
metal alloys.
) Each of the atoms of the metal contributes its
valence electrons to the formation of a negative
electron cloud.
) These electrons are not associated with a particular
ion but are free to move among the positive metallic.
A)Dipole Bonds
) Secondary bonds are due to attractions of
electric dipoles in atoms or molecules.
) Dipoles are created when positive and negative
charge centers exist.
Symmetrical Asymmetrical
distribution Distribution
of electron (Changes with
charge time)
Secondary Bonds
B) Hydrogen Bond
Special case of permanent dipole dipole
interaction between polar molecules.
Occurs when a polar bond containing the
hydrogen atom, O - H or N H, interacts with
the electronegative atoms O, N, F or Cl.
E.g: water molecule, H2O
CRYSTALLIZED STRUCTURE
Atom arrangement in materials
crystalline SiO2
noncrystalline SiO2
Si Oxygen
Continue..
Crystalline Structure one in which the atoms are
located at regular and recurring
positions in three dimensions.
The pattern may be replicated
millions of times within a given
crystal.
Example :
aluminium, kuprum, v
gold, nickle Example : berilium, zink
Total atoms = 4 magnesium
atoms Total atoms = 6 atoms