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DJJ3213

MATERIAL
SCIENCE

TOPIC 2: MATERIAL
STRUCTURE AND BONDING
PREPARED BY :

NORSHEILA BINTI BUYAMIN


PENSYARAH POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Sub-atomic Particle Mass (kg) Relative mass Charge (C) Relative charge
Proton 1.672 x 10-27 1 1.602 x 10-19 +1
Electron 0.905 x 10-30 0 1.602 x 10-19 -1
Neutron 1.675 x 10-27 1 0 0

Atomic number (Z) - number of protons in nucleus.


- is chemical characteristic of the element.
Atomic mass (A) (atomic weight)- sum of the masses of protons and
neutrons (N) in a nucleus.
Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but a differing
number of neutron, hence different mass numbers.
Avogadros number, N0 is the number of atoms of an element in one
kilomole (the mass number expressed in kg). N 0 = 6.023 x 1026/kmol (or
6.023 x 1023/mol).
1) Atom
is a common particles that will be pattern a
substance which is in solid, gas or fluid.
consist of a central nucleus surrounded by moving
electrons.
electrons move round nucleus in fixed paths known
as electron shells
the nucleus contains only protons and neutrons.
Thus the nucleus of an atom is positively charged.
However, the whole atom is neutral in charge.

2) Element
) Consist of only one kind of atom and combine with 2
or more of same atoms.
) Cannot be broken down into a simpler type of
matter by either physical or chemical means.
) Can exist as either atoms (e.g. argon) or molecules
Continue.
3) Mixture
) Is a combination between TWO or MORE different
types of atoms but not combined by chemical
reaction.
) Properties of mixture
Composition of a mixture is variable.
Each of components retains its characteristic
properties.
Its components are easily separated

4) Compound
) Pure substances made up more than 1 compound
which have been joined together by chemical
reaction therefore the atoms are difficult to
separate.
ATOMIC NUMBER OF EPT

EPT
Element Periodical Table is a classification of
elements where any
element in this table can be represented by its
chemical symbol.
a chemical symbol consists of two numbers one at
the top left
corner and at the bottom left corner.
The number at the top is the Atomic or Proton
Number.Atomic 7 Chemical
No..or at the bottom is theSymbol
The number Mass Number or
Proton No.
Nucleon Number. N
Nitrogen
Mass No. or
Element 1 Nucleon
Name 4 No.
ATOMIC NUMBER

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.


Since atoms are electrically neutral;

numbers of protons (atomic number) =


number of electrons
MASS NUMBER

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in


the nucleus of an atom.
mass number (nucleon number) = number of protons +
number of neutrons
Example 1:
i) Lets look at the element Sodium.
Answer:
The symbol of sodium is Na. Its mass number is 23
and its atomic number is 11.
ii) Lets look at the element Flourine.

Example 2:
Find the number of protons, neutrons and electrons
present in an atom of Sodium, Na.
Answer:
The atomic number of sodium is 11; its mass
number is 23 (refer to periodic table)
atomic no. = electron no. = proton no. = 11
mass number = proton no. + neutron no.
23 = 11 + neutron no.
neutron no. = 23 -11 = 12
ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF AN
ATOM
The simplest model of atomic structure called the
planetary model where;
- to shows the electrons of the atom orbiting
around the nucleus at the certain fixed distances
and can called shells.
Step for arranged the electrons in an atom:
The 1st shell : contain a maximum 2 electrons
The 2nd shell: contain a maximum of 8 electrons
The 3rd shell : contain a maximum of 8 electrons
(In reality, the 3rd shell can contain a maximum of
18 electrons)
Continue

The shell furthest away from the nucleus


called the outermost shell (OMT).
Electrons contained in the outermost shell are
called valence electron.
Example 3:
Lets draw the electronic structure of a Flourine
atom.
Answer:
No. of electrons = no. of protons = 9
Mass No. = 19; no. of neutron = 19 9 = 10
electron 1st shell

10n
9n

2nd shell

nucleus
ELEMENT SEQUENCE IN EPT

Each element in the periodic table is characterized


by its atomic number.
An element is composed of atoms. All atoms in one
element are identical and similar. All elements in
the periodic table are arranged in increasing
atomic number.
Horizontal columns in the EPT are called Groups.
Vertical rows are called Periods.
There are 8 Groups (Groups I VIII) and 7
Periods.
Elements in Group I III are metals (except Boron)
while and Groups V VIII consist mainly of non-
metals.
Elements Group IV contain both metals (Ge, Sn, Pb)
and non-metals (Si, C).
Example 4:
The atomic structures of lithium, sodium and
potassium in GROUP 1 are 2:1; 2:8:1 and 2:8:8:1
respectively. Their outermost shells contain only
ONE valence electron.
Group Number = Number of valence electron

All element in the same PERIOD have the same


number of electron shells.

Example 5:
The electronic structures of sodium, magnesium
and aluminium are 2:8:1; 2:8:2 and 2:8:3
respectively. Each element has THREE electron
shells.
Period Number = Number of Electron Shells
TYPES OF ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR
BONDS

Intreratomic bond
(Strong)

Intermolecular
bonds (Weak)
Dipole Bond
Primary Bonds
a) Ionic Bond
the atoms of one element give up their outer
electron(s), which are in turn attracted to the
atoms of some other element to increase their
electron count in the outermost shell to eight.
Form between highly electropositive (metallic)
element and highly electronegative (nonmetallic)
element.
An elements were transferred their electron(s)
become positive ion (+ve) while an elements were
accepted the electron(s) become negative ion (-ve).
Primary Bonds

E.g : Sodium (Na) and Chlorine


(Cl)

v v
v v
v v
v v
v
v
v v vv
v v vv v
v v v v v
v v v v v
v v v
v v

v
v
v v v
v v v v
v v v
v v v v
v v
v
v
Na +
Cl -
Na Cl
b) Convalent Bond
Atoms of some elements may attain a stable
electron structure by sharing one or more electrons
with adjacent atoms.
E.g NH3 (Ammonia) & H2
c) Metallic Bond
) The atomic bonding mechanism in pure metals and
metal alloys.
) Each of the atoms of the metal contributes its
valence electrons to the formation of a negative
electron cloud.
) These electrons are not associated with a particular
ion but are free to move among the positive metallic.

Positive metal ion Negative electron cloud


Secondary Bonds

A)Dipole Bonds
) Secondary bonds are due to attractions of
electric dipoles in atoms or molecules.
) Dipoles are created when positive and negative
charge centers exist.

Dipole moment= =q.d


q= Electric charge
d = separation distance
+q -q

There are two types of bonds permanent


and fluctuating
i) Permanent Dipole

Dipoles that do not fluctuate with time are called


Permanent dipoles.
Examples:-
CH4 Symmetrical Arrangement Of 4 C-H bonds No Dipole
moment

CH3Cl Asymmetrical Tetrahedral arrangement Creates Dipole


ii) Flactuating Dipole

Weak secondary bonds in noble gasses.


Dipoles are created due to asymmetrical
distribution of electron charges.
Electron cloud charge changes with time.

Symmetrical Asymmetrical
distribution Distribution
of electron (Changes with
charge time)
Secondary Bonds

B) Hydrogen Bond
Special case of permanent dipole dipole
interaction between polar molecules.
Occurs when a polar bond containing the
hydrogen atom, O - H or N H, interacts with
the electronegative atoms O, N, F or Cl.
E.g: water molecule, H2O
CRYSTALLIZED STRUCTURE
Atom arrangement in materials

crystalline SiO2
noncrystalline SiO2
Si Oxygen
Continue..
Crystalline Structure one in which the atoms are
located at regular and recurring
positions in three dimensions.
The pattern may be replicated
millions of times within a given
crystal.

The structure can be viewed in the form of unit


cell. There is:
a) simple cube
b) body-centered cubic (BCC)
c) Face-centered cubic (FCC)
d) Hexagonal close-packed (HCP)
Simple Cube Body-centered Cubic

Example : Natrium Example : kromium,


Clorida tungsten
Total atom = 1 atom titanium
Total atoms = 2 atoms

Face-centered Cubic Hexagonal close-packed

Example :
aluminium, kuprum, v
gold, nickle Example : berilium, zink
Total atoms = 4 magnesium
atoms Total atoms = 6 atoms

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