INTRODUCTION to

PHILOSOPHY
Views, Concepts and Branches

Presented by: MICHELLE G. CALIUAG

MAEd - Science
What is Philosophy?
The word PHILOSOPHY is derived from two Greek words

PHILO SOPHI
Slove of A
wisdom

What is Philosophy?

Philosophy is the
love for a high
degree of
What is Philosophy?

Philosophy is
the MOTHER of
all disciplines
 What is Philosophy?
What an
A way individual accepts
of simplifying as
complexhis
constant and endless quest by
guiding
ideas principles,
and which
statements prompt
man in trying to findabout our
out many
him to act,
experiences in different ways at
riddles of thein life in order
universe to he
so that
different
make times,
sense places and
can find outout of them
a meaningful
A circumstances.
rational
A framework attempt
rational investigation,in finding
which of
for the expression
solutions nature
examines to fundamental
and the
all thoughts, actions and
problems
reasons behindof man
events
observable phenomena.
Evolution of Philosophy
Milesians laid the foundation of
philosophy in Western World

WONDE
R PHILOSOPH
Y
Modes of Philosophy
1. SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY
- Systematically speculates
about and upon all things
2. PRESCRIPTIVE PHILOSOPHY
- Seeks to set standards,
ground or criteria for
judgement
3. ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY
- Meaning of words
Characteristics of Philosophy
1. Reliance on the use of
logical
reasoning
2. Tentative nature of
conclusion
Branches of Philosophy
1.
Metaphysics
2.
Epistemolog
3. Axiology
y
4. Logic
Branches of Philosophy

METAPHYSIC
MATA PHYSIK
S A
after the things ofnature

Branches of Philosophy
Metaphysics
- enquires into the problem of
existence
- enquiry into the world and the world

beyond
- foundation of philosophy
- studies the nature of reality
Branches of Philosophy
Basic Issues in
Metaphysics
1. The Problem of BEING
2. The Problem of SUBSTANCE
3. The Problem of ESSENCE and
EXISTENCE
Branches of Philosophy
Basic Issues in
Metaphysics
4. The Problem of UNIVERSALS
5. The Problem of APPEARANCE and
REALITY
6. The Problem of UNITY and DIVERSITY
Branches of Philosophy
Basic Issues in
Metaphysics
7. The Problem of CHANGE and
PERMANENCE
8. The Problem of CAUSALITY
9. The Problem of MIND-BODY
INTERACTION
Branches of Philosophy
Basic Issues in
Metaphysics
10. The Problem of FREEDOM and
DETERMINISM
Branches of Philosophy
Contributions of Metaphysics to
Education
Metaphysical issues pose challenges to
man which call for solutions by man
himself.
Education is the best instrument for
development
Branches of Philosophy
Contributions of Metaphysics to
Education
The metaphysical nature of man makes
him the only creature that requires some
form of education for survival
Branches of Philosophy

EPISTEMOLOG
EPISTEM LOGO
E Y
knowledge of
S study

Branches of Philosophy
Epistemolog
y- Concerned with posing, reflecting and
examining questions related to
knowledge and knowing
Branches of Philosophy
Why do we study
1. We need to be clear over what
epistemology?
3. For
knowledge
the teacher
is and
to know
how itthe
is related
type of or
knowledge he imparts,
different from beliefs the
and sources and
opinions.
2. how
Teachers
muchwill greatly can
relevance improve on their
be placed on
methods of teaching once they
them.
understand the different sources of
knowledge.
Branches of Philosophy
Sources of
Knowledge
1. Empirical Knowledge
- Obtain through observation and
personal experiences
2. Rational Knowledge
- Derived by reasoning, by inferring new
knowledge from what we already know
Branches of Philosophy
Sources of
Knowledge
3. Revealed Knowledge
- Characteristics of religions, revealed to
the prophets
4. Intuitive or Insight Knowledge
- Acquired directly by an immediate contact of
the mind with the object without going
through the process of reasoning
Branches of Philosophy
Conditions of
Knowledge
1. What one said to know be true
2. That one be sure of it
3. That one should have the right to
be sure
A.J. Ayer 1955
Branches of Philosophy
Implications of Conditions of
Knowledge
1. Inculcation of strong knowledge base
2. Help the learner distinguish between
knowledge and belief, knowledge and
opinion
3. School stands out as the most formidable
agency in the transmission of specialized
knowledge to the learners
Branches of Philosophy
Criteria of Knowledge
1. Existence 4. Veracity
2. Certainty 5. Utility
3. Validity

Bamisaiye 1989
Branches of Philosophy
Knowledge and
Education
Knowledge is a condition for
education, but it is not a
sufficient one
Thank you for
listening!