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KINEMATICS
Learning outcomes:
i.Able
to understand the concept of vector and
kinematics.
ii.Able
to explain the basic concept of free fall and
projectile.
iii.Able to solve problems in kinematics.
2.2.1 Vector
addition ,
subtraction and
multiplication
2.2.2 Vector
component
2.2.3 Unit
vector
2.2 VECTORS AND SCALARS
A scalar quantity is completely specified
by a single value with an appropriate unit
and has no direction.
Example: mass, distance, speed.
Fig. a
the net resultant displacement
8 km+ 6 km = 14 km
Fig .b
2.
r
Draw the first vector, ,
A
with the appropriate length
and in the direction
specified, with respect to a
coordinate system
A B (10km) 5km
2 2 2
R 2
125km 11.2km
2
B
tan
A
1 B
tan
You can use the A
Pythagoras theorem only when vectors are
perpendicular to each other.
GRAPHICAL METHOD, FINAL
The resultant is
still drawn from
the tail of the first
vector to the tip of
the last vector
ADDING VECTORS, RULES
r r r r r r
A BC A B C
VR V1 V2 V3
NEGATIVE OF A VECTOR
Special case of
vector addition
r r r r
If A B , then A B
use
Continue with
standard vector
addition
procedure
SUBTRACTING VECTORS, METHOD 2
Scalar product
We define A B to be the magnitude of A
multiplied by the component of B parallel to A ,
A B AB cos A B cos
PRODUCTS OF
VECTORS
Scalar product
We can also express A B B A cos AB cos
.
The scalar product of two perpendicular vectors
is always zero.
Scalar product
0 to 90 Positive
90 Zero
90 to 180 Negative
z
Products of Vectors B A
k
j y
i
Scalar product x
Cartesian coordinate x,y ,z can be represented by
3- unit vectors i,j,k respectively .
We can calculate the scalar product A B directly
if we know the x-, y-, and z-components of A and B
i i j j k k 11 cos 0 1
(Cartesian unit vectors)
i j i k j k 11 cos 90 0
Dot product of two general vectors
A B Axi Ay j Az k Bxi By j Bz k
Ax Bxi i Ax Byi j Ax Bz i k
Ay Bx j i Ay By j j Ay Bz j k
Az Bx k i Az By k j Az Bz k k
z
B k
A
A B Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz
j y
i
x
EXAMPLE : CALCULATING A
SCALAR PRODUCT
Find the scalar product A B of the two vectors
shown in figure. The magnitudes of the vectors are
A = 4.00 and B = 5.00.
2 ways to calculate the scalar product.
A B Ax Bx Ay B y Az Bz
2.407 3.214 3.195 3.830 0 0
4.50 We get the same result for the scalar
product with both methods, as we should.
VECTOR MULTIPLICATION: DOT
PRODUCT(SUMMARY )
Properties: z
1. ab = ba
(cos 0 = 1)
2. aa = a 2
k
3. ab = 0 where a and b are orthogonal
is ab = axbx+ayby+azbz
PRODUCTS OF VECTORS
Vector product
Vector product of two vectors A and B, also called
the cross product, denoted by A B.
To define the vector product, we draw the vectors
as shown.
Right Hand or
Corkscrew
RULE
PRODUCTS OF VECTORS
Vector product
The vector product is defined as a vector
quantity with a direction perpendicular to the
plane (bothAand B ) and a magnitude equal to
AB sin .
If C A B C AB sin
i i j j k k 0
k
A component is a
projection of a vector along
an axis
Any vector can be
completely described by
its components
It is useful to use
rectangular components
These are the projections
of the vector along the x-
and y-axes
r r r
A x and A y are the componentAvectors of
They are vectors and follow all the rules for
COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR
Ax
The components
can be positive or
negative and will
have the same units
as the original
vector
A
25ms
-1
27 0
x
SOLUTION
y
2 2
A Ax Ay
Ay
Ay A sin 25ms-1 tan
Ax
25 sin 27 0
= 11 ms-1
27 0
x
Ax A cos
25 cos 27 0
= 22 ms-1
EXERCISE 1:
1. The three vectors shown have
magnitudes
2. A = 3.00 m,
3. B = 4.00 m and
4. = 10.00 m and angle
C
5. = 30o.What areA
a) The x and y component
B of (Ans: 3m,
0)
C
b) The x and y component of (Ans: 3.46
m, 2 m)
c) The x and y component of (Ans: -5m,
8.66 m)
EXAMPLE 2:
2. A country mail carrier leaves the post
office and drives 22.0km in a northerly
direction. She then drives in a direction
60.0o south of east for 47.0km (Fig
(a)). What is her displacement from
the post office?
SOLUTION Component vector D1
D1x = 0o D1y = 22.0km
Component vector D2
D2x = +(47.0km)(cos60o) = +23.5km
D2y = - (47.0km)(sin 60o) = -40.7km (vector
component points along the negative y-axis)
Dy 18.7 km
tan 0.796
Dx 23.5km
tan 1 0.796 38.50
UNIT VECTORS
A unit vector is a vector with a
magnitude of 1, with no units.
In an x, y, z rectangular coordinate
system these unit vectorsiare k
j ,called
,
with hat (^) is the
symbol for a unit vector
R Ax Bx i Ay B y j Ax Bz k
R Rx i R y j Rz k
EXAMPLE : USING UNIT VECTORS
Given the two displacements
D 6i 3 j k m and E 4i 5 j 8k m
Find the magnitude of the displacement 2D E
.
Solution:
Identify,F Set2 D Up E and Execute:
Letting , we have
F 2 6i 3 j k m 4i 5 j 8k
12 4 i 6 5 j 2 8 k m
F 8i 11 j 10k m
D E , F , and
The units of the vectors
are meters, so the components of these
vectors are also in meters.
F The
magnitude of ,
2 2 2
F Fx Fy Fz
F 8 m 11 m 10 m 17 m
2 2 2
2.2.1 Vector
addition ,
subtraction and
multiplication
2.2.2 Vector
component
2.2.3 Unit
vector
2.3.1 Position
2.3.2 Displacement
2.3.3 Velocity and
speed
2.3.4 Acceleration
2.3 DISPLACEMENT, POSITION, VELOCITY,
SPEED AND ACCELERATION
2.3.1 POSITION
The objects position
is its location with
respect to a chosen
reference point
Consider the point to
be the origin of a
coordinate system
In the diagram,
allow the road sign
to be the reference
point
POSITION-TIME GRAPH
The position-time
graph shows the
motion of the particle
(car)
The smooth curve is a
guess as to what
happened between the
data points
2.3.2 DISPLACEMENT
Displacement is defined as the
change in position during some time
interval
Represented as x
x xf - xi
SI units are meters (m)
x can be positive or negative
Different than distance the length
of a path followed by particle
(always positive)
DISTANCE VS. DISPLACEMENT
AN EXAMPLE
Displacement is zero
x = xf xi = 0 since
xf = xi
Ex: 1
Ali walking 70m to the east then
turning around and walking
back(west) a distance of 30m.
Total distance traveled 30m 70m 100m
Displacement 70 30 40m
total distance tra From starting point
2.3.3 SPEED AND VELOCITY
Speed is how fast an object travel in
a given time
AVERAGE ACCELERATION
Average acceleration is the rate of change of
the velocity v x v xf v xi
ax ,avg
t tf t i
Varying velocity
EXERCISE
1. The position of an object moving along an
x axis xis 3given
t t 2 2by
t3 where x is in
meters and t in seconds. Find the position of
the object at the following values of t
a) 2 seconds. (Ans: 18 m)
2.2.2 Vector
component
2.2.3 Unit
vector
2.3.4 Acceleration
2.4.1 INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
2.2.2 Vector
component
2.2.3 Unit
vector
2.3.4 Acceleration
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
The kinematic equations can be used with any
particle under uniform acceleration.
v xi v xf
v x ,avg
2
2- The position of the particle in terms of time and
velocities is:
1
xf xi v x ,avg t xi v xi v fx t
2
3- Final position in terms of velocity and
acceleration
1 2
xf xi v xi t ax t
2
Doesnt tell you about final velocity
vxf = vxi = vx
xf = xi + vx t
When analyzing
projectile motion, two
characteristics are of
special interest
The range, R, is the
horizontal distance of
the projectile
The maximum height
the projectile reaches
is h
ZERO PROJECTION ANGLE
Vyo = 0
V = velocity
Click to watch video
Vxo (initial
-y velocity)
V1x = Vxo
V1y negative V1
V2x = Vxo
y = yo + Vyo t ay t2
y = - gt2 V2
V2y negative
x = xo + Vxo t ax t2
= Vxo t
x
CASE STUDY: ZERO PROJECTION
ANGLE
A ball was thrown horizontally with
initial velocity 40 m/s from the height
of 3 m. Calculate:
y = -3m
y = yo + Vyo t ay t2
y = yo + Vyo t gy t2
-3 = 0 0(t) - (9.81) (t2)
(-3) / (-4.905) = t2
0.6 = t2
x@R = xo + Vxo t ax t2
t = 0.78 s
= 0 + (40) (0.78) (0) t2
= 31.2 m
x@R
SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING
PROJECTILE MOTION
We use :
1 2 Known values
y y0 v y 0t a yt
2 x0 y0 0
1
0 0 g t 2 x 90.0m
2 y 50.0m
1
gt 2 ax 0
2
a y g 9.8m / s 2
We solve for t and set y=-50.0 m vy0 0
1
x x0 vx 0t at 2
2
0 vx 0 0
or
x v x 0t
x 90.0m
vx 0 28.2m / s
t 3.19 s
With projection angle
If an object is projected at an upward
angle there is an initial vertical, Vy0
and horizontal, Vxo component of
velocity.
Vxo Vo cos
Vy o Vo sin
WITH PROJECTION ANGLE
V3y = 0
V2y positive V2 V3 V4x = Vx
V3x = Vx
V1y positive V1 V2x = Vx V4
V4y negative
y V5x = Vx
V1x = Vx
Vyo =
= Vy
Vertical component = Vo sin V5y negative V5
Vo = initial velocity
V6x = Vx
Vxo = Vx
Vxo = Horizontal component V6y negative V6
= Vo cos
x
Vy = Vyo gy t
y = Vyo t gy t2
position=V t g t2 V=Vgt
x = Vxo t gx t2
= Vxo t Vx = Vxo gx t
= Vxo
CASE STUDY: WITH PROJECTION
ANGLE
A ball was thrown with an inclination
degree of 20 from the horizon and
initial velocity of 12m/s. Calculate:
t
vy0
12.0m / s 1.22 s
g 9.8m / s 2
y0 0
1 2
y v y 0t gt
2
12.0m / s 1.22 s
1
2
9.8m / s 2 1.22 s
2
7.35m
(b) To find the time it takes for the ball to the ground:
Consider ; at t=0, y0 =0 ( starting the ball leave the ground )
And ending at y=0 (ground level )
1
y y0 v y 0t gt 2
2
0 0 12.0m / s t
1
2
9.8m / s 2 t 2
1
29. 8m / s 2
t 12 . 0 m / s
t 0
either :
t 0 Corresponding to initial point
or
212.0m / s
t 2.45s
9.8m / s 2
(c) Total distance in x-direction