Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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1. LTE Concepts
OFDM/OFDMA basics
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Context and Background
What is LTE?
What is 4G?
Why LTE?
LTE deployment
Evolution of LTE
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What is LTE?
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What is 4G?
All IP backbone
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What is 4G?
HSPA+ 3G LTE
HSDPA / HSUPA
IP Transport MIMO All-IP OFDM All-IP MIMO AAS
EDGE Evolution
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What is 4G?
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Why LTE?
Economic
Possibility to reuse part of existing 3G
equipment hardware with software defined radio
Spectrum already allocated to operators
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Why LTE?
Cyclic Prefix
Highly sensitive to
Orthogonal Frequency Selective
Subcarriers Fading
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LTE Deployment
1st phase:
A few trial sites in urban areas where provision of high data rate services has market
potential
Site locations probably the same as existing 3G sites
Spectrum sharing with existing 3G cell (1 carrier dedicated to the trial LTE layer)
2nd phase:
Replacement of 3G sites with on-air LTE sites, or
Co-existence of 3G and LTE coverage layers
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LTE Deployment
Some CDMA operators might also opt for LTE instead of UMB
GPRS
GSM UMTS HSPA LTE
EDGE
Non-3GPP
Technologies
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Evolution of LTE
Future: IMT-Advanced
Most 4G networks will move to
LTE Advanced
WiMAX 802.16m
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OFDM/OFDMA Basics
Benefits of OFDM/OFDMA
OFDM/OFDMA in LTE
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What is OFDM ?
OFDM : hundreds to thousands of separate radio signals (subcarriers) spread across a wideband
channel. In OFDM, the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen so that the subcarriers are orthogonal to
each other
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OFDM Frequency and Time Domains
Time
Symbols
Subcarriers
Frequency
1 OFDM symbol
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Differences between FDM and OFDM
Large carrier widths low symbol duration (f=(1/t)) more sensitive to time delays
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Differences between FDM and OFDM
Possibility to support less robust modulations like 64QAM, 16QAM, for higher throughput
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Advanced OFDM : OFDMA
OFDM
Each user is allocated the full channel : capacity wasting
Subchannels
OFDMA
Each user can be assigned only a part of the entire channel at a time
Ability to subdivide the subcarrier population : more than one user served at a time
Subchannels
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Benefits of OFDM/OFDMA
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Multiplexing and Duplexing
Uses SC-FDMA in UL (an OFDM variant not much different from SOFDMA)
SC-FDMA: Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
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Multiple Access Techniques
1g 2g
4g 3g
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OFDM and OFDMA
Scalable OFDMA
Channel bandwidth is scalable, i.e., can be adapted as needed
1.4
3
5
10
15
20
Bandwidth (MHz)
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LTE Channel Structure
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LTE Channel Structure
1.92 MHz
1.4 MHz 128 6 72 (73)
(1/2 x 3.84)
3.84 MHz
3 MHz 256 15 180 (181)
(1 x 3.84)
7.68 MHz
5 MHz 15 kHz 512 25 300 (301)
(2 x 3.84)
(7.5 kHz
for MBMS) 15.36 MHz
10 MHz 1024 50 600 (601)
(4 x 3.84)
23.04 MHz
15 MHz 1536 75 900 (901)
(6 x 3.84)
30.72 MHz
20 MHz 2048 100 1200 (1201)
(8 x 3.84)
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LTE Frame Structure
LTE Frame
1 ms
SF 0 SF 1 .. SF 9
0.5 ms
Slot Slot
Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 .. 18 19
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LTE Frame Structure
FDD Frame
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Physical Channels
Random
HARQ feedback access
CQI reporting
l
UL scheduling request
e s s C hanne Traffic
cc
dom A
CQI reporting for MIMO
a l R a n l
Physic
related feedback
r e d C hanne
a
a l U plink Sh l
Physi c
t r ol C hanne
n
a l U p link C o
Physic
r im a r y-SCH
P
H
c o n d ary-SC
Se hanne
l
a r e d C
D ow n link Sh
al el
Physic s ic a l Chann
Slot/Frame hy
C o ntrol P l
synchronization &
Comm
o n
t r ol C hanne
n
Cell Id
D o w n link Co eNode-B
identification al
Physic
Traffic, MBMS HARQ feedback
Control information Transport format
Paging UL scheduling grant
Resource allocation
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Control and Traffic Channels
DL TCH UL TCH
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OFDMA LTE Frame (DL)
Legend:
Downlink Reference Signals
PBCH
P-SCH
S-SCH
PDCCH / PHICH / PCFICH
DL-SCH
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OFDMA LTE Frame (DL)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Legend:
Downlink Reference signals
PBCH
1 subframe = 2 slots (1 ms) P-SCH
S-SCH
PDCCH / PHICH / PCFICH
DL-SCH
SF 0 SF 1 SF 2 SF 3 SF 4 SF 5 SF 6 SF 7 SF 8 SF 9
1 frame = 10
subframes (10 ms)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Legend:
Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal
Uplink Sounding Reference Signal
1 subframe = 2 slots (1 ms) PUCCH
Demodulation Reference Signal for
PUCCH
SF 0 SF 1 SF 2 SF 3 SF 4 SF 5 SF 6 SF 7 SF 8 SF 9
1 frame = 10
subframes (10 ms)
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Cell Search/Synchronisation
UE SCH detection
over a SCH in 1.25 MHz/72 subcarriers
1.4/3/5/10/15/20 MHz
spectrum BCH in 1.25 MHz/72 subcarriers
Data transmission on
BCH information
assigned spectrum
reception
provided by System
Information Sub-carriers for data
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Frequency Planning
F1 F1 F1 F2 F3
Frequency
F1 F1 F3 F2
Seg1
Seg1
F1 Seg 1 Seg 2 Seg 3
F1 F1 F1
Seg 3 Seg 2
Seg 3 Seg 2
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Handovers in LTE
Hard handover
Fast BS Selection
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MIMO Systems in LTE
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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2. LTE Planning Overview
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LTE Features supported in Atoll
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LTE Workflow in Atoll
Open an existing project or
create a new one
Network configuration
- Add network elements
- Change parameters
Basic predictions
(Best server, signal level)
Traffic maps
Monte-Carlo User-defined
And/or
simulations values
Cell load
Subscriber lists
conditions
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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3. Modelling an LTE Network
Frequency bands
Transmitter parameters
Cell parameters
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Frequency Bands
Frequency bands
Atoll can model multi-band networks within the same document
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LTE Frame structure settings
Normal (default) or extended Number of SD for Physical
cyclic prefix (No. of SD per slot) Downlink Control Channel
Transmitter folder global parameters e.g.: at 15 kHz, 7 SD/slot (0,1,2 or 3) carrying DL
(normal) or 6 SD/slot and UL Resource
(extended) allocation information
Other control channel overheads defined by 3GPP (calculated based on 3GPP specs)
Reference signals, P-SCH, S-SCH, PBCH, etc.
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Transmitter Parameters
Cells: (Tx-carrier) pairs
Specifications of carriers in a
transmitter
Equipment
specifications
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Cell Parameters
Cell activity
Cell order used for carrier
selection Channel number in the
frequency band (and
Cells frequency band allocation status)
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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4. LTE Predictions
Introduction
Prediction settings
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Introduction
Coverage predictions
General studies based on downlink reference signal levels
Best server plot based on downlink reference signal levels
Multiple server coverage based on downlink reference signal levels
Reference signal signal level plots
Reference signal CNR plots
Point predictions
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Introduction
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Load Conditions
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Service Properties
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LTE Bearer Properties
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LTE Bearer Properties
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Mobility Properties
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Terminal Properties
Support of
MIMO
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Prediction Settings
Selection of a mobility, a service, a terminal (possibly directional antenna oriented towards the serving
cell)
Reference signal, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH CINR and interference plots
Throughput and cell capacity per pixel plots based on PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels
Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application throughputs
Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application cell capacities
Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application aggregate cell throughputs
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Fast Link Adaptation Modelling
Atoll determines, on each pixel, the highest bearer that each user can obtain
No soft handover
Connection to the best server in term of reference signal level (C)
Bearer chosen according to the radio conditions (PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels)
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Interference Estimation
The interference reduction due to the co and adjacent channel overlap between the studied
and the interfering base stations
The interference reduction factor due to interfering base stations traffic load
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Bearer Selection
When PDSCH and PUSCH CINR are evaluated, the bearer is selected according to:
The LTE reception equipment defined at reception (cell for UL, terminal for DL)
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Bearer Selection
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Throughput Estimation
When the bearer is selected, the channel throughput is calculated according to:
The channel bandwidth and the sampling frequency
The frame definition considering hard coded parameters and user-defined ones (global
parameters tab or the Transmitter folder property box).
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Quality Indicator Estimation
When the bearer is selected, the quality indicator (BER or BLER) is obtained according to:
The graphs defined in the quality graph tab of the receiver equipment
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Prediction Examples (General Studies)
Number of servers
(Based on reference signal power)
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Prediction Examples (Dedicated Studies)
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Prediction Examples (Dedicated Studies)
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Point Analysis Tool
Reference
signal levels
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Point Analysis Tool
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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5. MIMO Modelling
Overview
Predictions examples
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MIMO Modelling Overview
Numbers of transmission and reception antenna ports at base station and terminal
Single-User MIMO (SU-MIMO) or Spatial Multiplexing (SM) (also called Matrix B MIMO in other standards)
More than one transmission antenna to send different data streams on each antenna
Improvement of throughput for a given CINR
Usually used in coverage areas with good CINR conditions
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MIMO Modelling Overview
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MIMO Settings in Transmitters
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MIMO Settings in Cells
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MIMO Settings in Terminals
Reception equipment
defining SU-MIMO and
diversity gains
Support of
MIMO
MIMO throughput = SISO throughput (1 + SU-MIMO gain factor (max MIMO gain 1))
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MIMO Modelling in Computations
MIMO is possible if :
MIMO settings are defined in the LTE equipment selected at the cell for UL (or terminal for DL )
level
The support of any MIMO mode (Tx/Rx diversity, SM, AMS, SU-MIMO) is defined for to the serving cell
The calculated reference signal C/N exceeds the reference signal C/N threshold
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Prediction Examples (MIMO Effect)
Coverage by DL CINR
(MIMO with 2*2 antenna)
Coverage by DL CINR
(Without MIMO)
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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6. Neighbour Allocation
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Importing Existing Neighbour Relationships
Prerequisites
A text file with at least 2 columns
Source cells and neighbour cells
Relationships must be defined between atoll format cell names
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Importing Existing Neighbour Relationships
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Neighbour Automatic Allocation (1/4)
Allocation parameters
Maximum number of neighbours
Global value for all the transmitters or value specified for each transmitter
Maximum inter-site distance
Allocation strategy based on the overlapping of cell coverage
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Neighbour Automatic Allocation (2/4)
Coverage conditions Calculation options
Overlapping criterion
Start allocation
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Neighbour Automatic Allocation (3/4)
Overlapping criterion
Best server
area
Cell A
Best server
area Handover end
Reference signal
threshold (from Handover start
reference signal
quality threshold)
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Neighbour Automatic Allocation (4/4)
Allocation result
Sorted list of neighbours with allocation reasons and importance value (0-1)
Allocation results
Commit selected
neighbours only
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Neighbour Graphical Display
Select the icon in the toolbar and click a transmitter on the map
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Neighbour Graphical Display
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Modifying Neighbour Relationships Manually
Possibility to add/remove neighbour relationships on the map using the ctrl and shift
shortcuts
For intra-carrier neighbourhood links only
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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7. Automatic Resource Planning
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Automatic Resource Planning Overview
Can work with more than one frequency band in the same document
Can also allocate physical cell IDs taking interference matrices into account
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Automatic Physical Cell ID Allocation Process
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Automatic Physical Cell ID Allocation Process
Different physical Cell ID allocation plans are tried and a cost calculated for each
The best physical Cell ID allocation plan is the one with the lowest cost
Relations between cells can have different importance in the final cost
The importance of neighbour relation is calculated during the automatic neighbour allocation
The importance of the relation based on the distance between cells (weighted by the antenna
azimuths)
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Automatic Physical Cell ID Allocation Process
Neighbour plan
Manually or automatically obtained
Importance values
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Automatic Physical Cell ID Allocation Process
Allocated
Physical Cell
Ids, P-SCH
IDs and S-
SCH IDs
Commit Physical
Cell Ids to cells
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Automatic Frequency Allocation Process
The algorithm starts with the current frequency plan as the initial state
The AFP can work with more than one frequency band in the same document
Different frequency allocation plans are tried and a cost calculated for each
The best frequency allocation plan is the one with the lowest global cost
Distance relation
For distance between cells < min reuse distance
Takes into account distance, orientation of cells
Neighbours
Takes into account importance of neighbour relation (adjacent, co-site)
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Automatic Frequency Allocation Process
Allocation
constraints
Allocated
channels
Commit channels
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Automatic Frequency Allocation Process
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Frequency Allocation Examples
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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8. Frequency Plan Analysis
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Search Tool Overview
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Channel Search Tool
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Physical Cell ID Search Tool
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Physical Cell ID Allocation Audit
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Physical Cell ID Histograms
Dynamic
pointer
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
Simulation process
Simulation creation
Scheduling in simulations
Simulation results
Analysis of simulations
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Simulation Process
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Simulation Process
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Simulation Creation
Number of simulations
to run for the current
session
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Scheduling in Simulations
First pass
Resource allocation for the minimum throughput demands depending on the service priorities of the
users (priority field in services)
Second pass
Distribution of the remaining resources between users according to the schedulers defined in each cell
in order to reach the max throughput demand
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Simulation Results (1)
Per mobile
Serving transmitter and cell
Azimuth and tilt (towards the serving cell)
Reference signal, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH signal levels
Reference signal, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH CINR and interference levels
Best bearers based on PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels
Cell throughputs, cell capacities, and user throughputs PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels
Connection status and rejection cause
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Simulation Results (2)
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Simulation Results (3)
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Simulation Results (4)
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Analysis of Simulations
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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10. Using Drive Tests
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Import of Test Mobile Data Paths
Overview
Measurement path related to a serving cell and its neighbours
Check and improve the network quality
Import
Supported files
Any ASCII text file (with tab, semi-colon or blank character as separator)
TEMS FICS-planet export (*.Pln)
TEMS text export (*.Fmt)
Procedure
Standard import as in excel
Mandatory information
Position of measurement points
Physical Cell ID
You can import any additional information related to measurement points
Definition and storage of import configurations
Multiple import
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Drive Tests Managements
Table
List of all the measurement points with their attributes and additional information
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Drive Tests Managements
Filter
per
type(s)
of
clutter
Advanced filter
on additional Permanent
survey data deletion of out-
of-filter points
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Drive Tests Managements
List of defined
studies in the
measurement
table
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Drive Tests Managements
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Drive Tests Graphic Analysis
Transmitters
measured and
indexed for the
current point.
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Drive Tests Graphic Analysis
Synchronisation
Option of displaying table map
variation of any measurement
selected numeric field window
along the selected
path
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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Terminologies and Concepts in Atoll
Resources
In Atoll, the term "resource" is used to refer to the average number of resource units,
expressed in % (as traffic loads, when the average is performed over a considerably long
duration) of the total number of resource units in a superframe of 1 sec.
Frame
An LTE frame is 10 ms long. The duration of a frame is a system-level constant. Each frame
comprises 10 1 ms-long subframes, with each subframe containing 2 0.5 ms-long slots.
Each slot can have 7 or 6 symbol durations for normal or extended cyclic prefix, respectively,
and for a 15 kHz subcarrier width. A slot can have 3 symbol durations for extended cyclic
prefix used with a 7.5 kHz subcarrier width. LTE includes specific frame structures for FDD
and TDD systems. For TDD systems, two switching point periodicities can be used; half-
frame or full frame. Half-frame periodicity provides the same half-frame structure as a TD-
SCDMA subframe. The PBCH and the two SCH are carried by subframes 0 and 5, which
means that these 2 subframes are always used in downlink. A subframe is synonymous with
TTI (transmission time interval), i.e., the minimum unit of resource allocation in the time
domain.
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Terminologies and Concepts in Atoll
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Terminologies and Concepts in Atoll
Symbol Duration
In Atoll a symbol duration refers to one OFDM symbol, which is the duration of one
modulation symbol over all the subcarriers/frequency blocks being used.
Subcarrier
An OFDM channel comprises many narrowband carriers called subcarriers. OFDM
subcarriers are orthogonal frequency-domain waveforms generated using Fast Fourier
Transforms.
Frequency Block
It is the minimum unit of resource allocation in the frequency domain, i.e., the width of a
resource block, 180 kHz. It is a system-level constant. A frequency block can either contain
12 subcarriers of 15 kHz each or 24 subcarriers of 7.5 kHz each.
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Terminologies and Concepts in Atoll
Resource Block
It is the minimum unit of resource allocation, i.e., 1 frequency block by 1 slot. Schedulers are
able perform resource allocation every subframe (TTI, transmission time interval), however,
the granularity of resource allocation 1 slot in time, i.e., the duration of a resource block, and
1 frequency block in frequency.
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Terminologies and Concepts in Atoll
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Terminologies and Concepts in Atoll
LTE logical, transport, and physical layer channels (DL: blue, UL: orange, DL or UL: green)
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Terminologies and Concepts in Atoll
User
A general term that can also designate a subscriber, mobile, and receiver.
Subscriber
Users with fixed geographical coordinates.
Mobile
Users generated and distributed during simulations. These users have, among other
parameters, defined services, terminal types, and mobility types assigned for the duration of
the simulations.
Receiver
A probe mobile, with the minimum required parameters needed for the calculation of path
loss, used for propagation loss and raster coverage predictions.
Bearer
A Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) used to carry data over the channel.
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Application Throughput
The application layer throughput (user or channel) that can be achieved at a given location
using the highest LTE bearer available computed taking into account the reduction of
throughput due to PDU/SDU header information, padding, encryption, coding, and other
types of overhead.
Channel Throughputs
Peak RLC, effective RLC or application throughputs achieved at a given location using the
highest LTE bearer available with the entire cell resources (downlink or uplink).
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User Throughputs
Peak RLC, effective RLC or application throughputs achieved at a given location using the
highest LTE bearer available with the amount of resources allocated to a user by the
scheduler.
Traffic Loads
The uplink and downlink traffic loads are the percentages of the uplink and the downlink
frames in use (allocated) to the traffic (mobiles) in the uplink and in the downlink,
respectively.
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THANK YOU!
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